Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological disorder that may involve multiple
clinical conditions and can complicate the majority of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. …

Thus, the task of writing Guidelines or Expert Consensus documents covers not only the
integration of the most recent research, but also the creation of educational tools and …

The task of developing ESC Guidelines covers not only the integration of the most recent
research, but also the creation of educational tools and implementation programmes for the …

… Nazzareno Galiè , Nazzareno Galiè … Authors/Task Force Members, Adam Torbicki, Arnaud
Perrier, Stavros Konstantinides, Giancarlo Agnelli, Nazzareno Galiè, Piotr Pruszczyk, Frank …

Background Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5, an enzyme that metabolizes cyclic
guanosine monophosphate, thereby enhancing the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–…

Level of Evidence A Data derived from multiple randomised clinical trials or meta-analyses
Level of Evidence B Data derived from a single randomised clinical trial or large non-…

Background Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor and smooth-muscle mitogen. In a
preliminary study, the orally administered dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan improved …

In 1998, during the Second World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) held in
Evian, France, a clinical classification of PH was proposed. The aim of the Evian classification …

Background Uncontrolled studies suggested that aerosolized iloprost, a stable analogue of
prostacyclin, causes selective pulmonary vasodilatation and improves hemodynamics and …

Background The role of fibrinolytic therapy in patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary
embolism is controversial. Methods In a randomized, double-blind trial, we compared …