Differentiated macrophages are the resident tissue phagocytes and sentinel cells of the
innate immune response. The phenotype of mature tissue macrophages represents the …

Clearance of neutrophils from inflamed sites is critical for resolution of inflammation, but
pathogen-driven neutrophil apoptosis can impair host defenses. We previously showed that …

The role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in host defense against pulmonary infection has
been difficult to establish using in vivo models. This may reflect a reliance on models of …

Background: Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a nonspecific response to many types of lung
injury. Clinicians frequently encounter pathology reports of OP in patients with no underlying …

Until recently, the manner in which we respond to pathogens was obscure. It is now clear
that a family of proteins, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 3 contribute to the signal transduction …

Persistent ill health after acute COVID-19—referred to as long COVID, the post-acute COVID-19
syndrome, or the post-COVID-19 condition—has emerged as a major concern. We …

The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins are pore-forming toxins. Pneumolysin is the cytolysin
produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae and is a key virulence factor. The protein contains …

Augmenting the host's natural immune response to viruses by the administration of exogenous
cytokines such as interferon-α (IFN-α) is a strategy increasingly employed in antiviral …

Neutrophil granulocytes have a short lifespan, with their survival limited by a constitutive
program of apoptosis. Acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis following ligation of the Fas death …

The regulation of neutrophil lifespan by induction of apoptosis is critical for maintaining an
effective host response and preventing excessive inflammation. The hypoxia-inducible factor (…