Inflammation of the human lung is mediated in response to different stimuli (eg, physical,
radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic or toxic) such as cigarette smoke and environmental …

Cigarette smoke is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where
it can contribute to the observed airway inflammation. PGE 2 is produced within human …

Background Altered pulmonary defenses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
may promote distal airways bacterial colonization. The expression/activation of Toll Like …

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread as flame-retardants in different
types of consumer products. PBDEs present in the air or dust and their inhalation can damage …

Th17 cells and IL-17A play a role in the development and progression of allergic diseases.
We analyzed the IL-17A levels in sputum supernatants (Ss), nasal wash (NW) and plasma (P) …

Acetylcholine (ACh), synthesized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and muscarinic M 1 ,
M 2 , and M 3 receptors (MRs) are involved in fibroblast proliferation. We evaluated ChAT, …

We quantified TGF-β1 and acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations in induced sputum supernatants
(ISSs) from 18 healthy controls (HC), 22 healthy smokers (HS) and 21 COPDs. ISSs from …

Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Th-17
cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. We aimed to evaluate the role of …

BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcriptional factor of different inflammatory
patterns involved in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is …

Autophagy is the key process by which the cell degrades parts of itself within the lysosomes.
It maintains cell survival and homeostasis by removing molecules (particularly proteins), …