Prehospital and hospital shock indices as predictors of massive blood transfusion during the initial treatment of polytrauma patients

Emergencias. 2021 Feb;33(1):29-34.
[Article in English, Spanish]

Abstract

Objectives: To explore a possible association between the shock index and a need for massive blood transfusion, duration of hospital stay in the critical care unit, and mortality.

Material and methods: Observational study of data for all patients over the age of 18 years with multiple high-energy injuries included in the TraumCat Registry who were treated in Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge between 2012 and 2016. We calculated shock index values before hospital emergency department arrival, on arrival at the hospital, and on admission to the critical care unit for resuscitation. The amount of blood transfused in the first 24 hours was also obtained from the registry.

Results: Of 184 polytrauma patients, 75 (41%) received blood transfusions. Median (interquartile range) shock indices were as follows: prehospital, 0.77 (0.61-1.01); on hospital arrival, 0.78 (0.64-1); and on critical care admission, 0.92 (0.76-1.13). Forty-six patients (25%) died. A prehospital shock index of 0.9 was significant, differentiating the amount of blood transfused. The specificity and sensitivity of the cutoff were 73% and 66%, respectively, at the prehospital recording and 74% and 80% on hospital arrival. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve and 95% CIs were as follows for prehospital and on-arrival shock indices: 68% (61%- 75%) and 72% (65%-79%). Mortality and hospital stay were not significantly associated with shock indices.

Conclusion: The shock index is a useful, easy-to-obtain predictor to identify polytrauma patients who need early blood transfusion for optimal treatment. Hospital stay and mortality might be better predicted by other indicators.

Objetivo: Establecer la posible relación entre el Índice de Shock (IS) con los requerimientos de transfusión masiva, estancia hospitalaria y en unidad de críticos, y mortalidad.

Metodo: Estudio observacional de los pacientes mayores de 18 años con traumatismos de alta energía del registro TraumCat atendidos en el Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge entre 2012 y 2016. Se recogió el IS prehospitalario (PH), a la llegada al hospital (H) y en la unidad de reanimación (IS-C), y la cantidad de transfusión las primeras 24 horas.

Resultados: Se recogieron 184 pacientes y 75 (41%) recibieron transfusión sanguínea. Las medianas de los IS para todos los pacientes del estudio fueron: IS-PH 0,77 (Q1-Q3; 0,61-1,01), IS-H 0,78 (Q1-Q3; 0,64-1), IS-C 0,92 (Q1-Q3; 0,76-1,13). Fallecieron 46 pacientes (25%). El IS-PH y el IS-H fueron los que diferenciaron de manera significativa la cantidad de transfusión. El valor 0,9 mostró una especificidad/sensibilidad del 73%/66% para el IS-PH y del 74%/80% para el IS-H. El área bajo la curva ROC para el IS-PH y el IS-H fue del 68% (IC 95% 61-75) y del 72% (IC 95% 65-79) respectivamente. No hubo relación significativa de los IS con la mortalidad y la estancia hospitalaria.

Conclusiones: El IS es una herramienta útil y accesible para identificar pacientes politraumatizados con requerimientos transfusionales de manera temprana y optimizar el tratamiento. Para evaluar estancias hospitalarias o mortalidad, podrían ser más útiles otros índices.

Keywords: Estancia hospitalaria; Hemorragia masiva; Hipovolemia; Hospital length of stay; Hypovolemia; Massive blood transfusion; Massive hemorrhage; Mortalidad; Mortality; Multiple trauma; Politrauma; Shock index; Transfusión masiva; Índice de Shock.

Publication types

  • Observational Study

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Blood Transfusion
  • Emergency Medical Services*
  • Hospitals
  • Humans
  • Injury Severity Score
  • Middle Aged
  • Multiple Trauma* / therapy
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Shock, Hemorrhagic*