Chest
Volume 119, Issue 4, April 2001, Pages 1011-1017
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Clinical Investigations: Asthma
Mild Exacerbations and Eosinophilic Inflammation in Patients With Stable, Well-Controlled Asthma After 1 Year of Follow-up

https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.4.1011Get rights and content

Objectives

To determine the time to exacerbation and probability of a mild exacerbation of asthma, and the impact of eosinophilic inflammation on these parameters in patients with stable, well-controlled asthma.

Patients and methods

A cohort of 31 patients with stable, well-controlled asthma receiving inhaled steroid treatment regularly were followed up for 1 year or until a mild exacerbation occurred. Mild exacerbation was defined as symptoms of asthma lasting > 48 h with a fall in peak expiratory flow > 20%. FEV1, provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1, eosinophil count, and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels in blood and in sputum were measured at the first visit and every 2 months.

Results

At baseline, the mean (SD) eosinophil count was 0.39 × 109/L (0.21 × 109/L) in blood and 13% (14%) in sputum; ECP was 30 μμg/L (28 μμg/L) in blood and 75μμ g/L (85 μμg/L) in sputum. Thirteen subjects experienced a mild exacerbation during the 1-year follow-up period. The mean time to mild exacerbation was 293 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 248 to 337 days), and the cumulative probability of not experiencing a mild exacerbation in 1 year was 49% (95% CI, 39 to 59%). An increased risk of mild exacerbation was associated with blood eosinophil count> 0.4 × 109/L (relative risk 4.5; 95% CI of relative risk, 1.8 to 38.0), blood ECP > 20 μμg/L (relative risk, 2.1; 95% CI of relative risk, 1.0 to 9.2), and sputum ECP > 40 μμg/L (relative risk, 2.5; 95% CI of relative risk, 1.2 to 11.2), but was unassociated with other variables.

Conclusions

Patient with stable, well-controlled asthma are at risk of mild exacerbation during 1 year of follow-up despite regular inhaled steroid treatment. Eosinophilic inflammation expressed as eosinophil count and ECP is associated with higher risk of mild exacerbation.

Section snippets

Subjects

We recruited subjects aged 18 to 65 years with at least a 2-year history of asthma but who reported being asymptomatic with regular inhaled steroid treatment (defined as well-controlled asthma, as previously described8). The diagnosis of asthma and assessment of clinical and functional severity were based on the international consensus of 1992.9 All the subjects were classified as having moderate asthma (asthmatics with normal spirometry findings or mild airflow limitation who need regular

Subject Demographics and Enrollment

We identified 31 consecutive subjects (19 female and 12 male) with stable, well-controlled asthma. Six subjects were ex-smokers, and the remaining 25 subjects were lifelong nonsmokers. In the run-in period, 13 subjects had no symptoms and the remaining 18 subjects had very mild symptoms (mainly wheezing or coughing) and needed a mean of 0.75 puffs of bronchodilator per day. Baseline cough, wheeze, and bronchodilator use were occasional and mainly related to exercise. The median dose of inhaled

Discussion

Nearly half of the subjects with well-controlled asthma in our study (according to well-established criteria) had at least one mild exacerbation within 12 months of enrollment, with a cumulative estimated exacerbation rate of 49% and mean time to exacerbation of 175 days for those experiencing a mild exacerbation. In addition, those who showed signs of active eosinophilic inflammation (eosinophils or ECP) at the beginning also proved to have higher risk of exacerbation.

The aim of current

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    Supported in part by a grant from the Sociedad Española de Neumología.

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