Original ResearchFull Report: Basic and Translational—Alimentary TractCorrelation Between Intraluminal Oxygen Gradient and Radial Partitioning of Intestinal Microbiota
Section snippets
Materials and Methods
Molecular oxygen quenches phosphorescence originating from excited triplet electronic states of molecules. The dependence of the phosphorescence lifetime (τ) on the Po2 in the environment throughout the range of biological oxygen concentrations follows the Stern–Volmer model: 1/τ = 1/τ0 + kq × Po2, where τ is the phosphorescence lifetime, and τ0 and kq are probe-specific parameters. By exciting an object containing a probe with a pulse of light and measuring the phosphorescence decay, Po2 in
Oxygen Measurements
The synthetic dendritic phosphorescent probes for tissue oxygen measurements23, 24, 25, 26 do not interact with proteins or other endogenous molecules, and the calibration parameters of these probes remain unchanged in any aqueous environment, ensuring absolute oxygen quantification.27 In the present study, we used one such probe, Oxyphor G4,24 to measure Po2 in the intestinal tissue. The probe was injected into the tail vein in mice, and measurements were performed in reflectance-type geometry
Discussion
Previous studies established that the composition of the gut microbiota differs along the longitudinal axis of the gut. Here, we report that the gut microbiota also is segregated radially and correlated with the radial oxygen gradient and distribution of the tissue-associated mucus, which provides a nutrient source. By using the phosphorescence quenching method, we provide direct evidence that oxygenation of the host influences gut luminal oxygenation. Luminal oxygenation increased after an
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Conflicts of interest The authors disclose no conflicts.
Funding Supported by a North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Fellow to Faculty Transition Award in inflammatory bowel disease research (L.A.); National Institutes of Health grant UH2/3 DK083981 (G.D.W., F.D.B., and J.D.L.); National Institutes of Health grant R01 GM103591 (G.D.W. and S.A.V.); Office of Naval Research grant N000141310613 (S.R.T.); a Molecular Biology and Molecular Pathology and Imaging Cores of the Penn Center for the Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases grant (P30 DK050306); and the Joint Penn-Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Center for Digestive, Liver, and Pancreatic Medicine.
Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship.
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Authors share co-first authorship.