Brief communicationParticulate Matter in Polluted Air May Increase Biomarkers of Inflammation in Mouse Brain
Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiological data show that particulate matter (PM) present in ambient air pollution may underlie increased morbidity and mortality rates related to pulmonary and cardiovascular systems (Pope, 2000). The increased risk of adverse health effects associated with exposure may be due to direct modulation of normal physiological function or potentiation of compromised organ responses. Histochemical analysis of small pulmonary arteries in rats treated with concentrated ambient air particles showed
Animal Maintenance
Male BALB/c (6 weeks old) mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA) and held in an AAALAC-approved facility for 6 days before treatment. Animals were housed under barrier conditions in a vented isolation caging system (Animal Care Systems, Littleton, CO) where they were provided with PROLAB RMH 2400 lab chow (PMI Nutrition International Inc., Brentwood, MO) and water ad libitum. Mice were maintained on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. Protocols used in this study were
RESULTS
Concentrated ambient particles in the predominantly ultrafine size range were classified as those with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of <0.18 μm (mean exposure concentration 282.5 μg/m3) whereas the diameter of combined fine and ultrafine particles was <2.5 μm (mean exposure concentration 441.7 μg/m3). Nearly 50% of the mass of the ultrafine particles was composed of organic carbon compounds. In contrast, the composition of the combined fine and ultrafine particles was mainly inorganic
DISCUSSION
There is a rising concern regarding the potential adverse effects of air pollution in a multiple of organ systems. While many studies report a link between cardiopulmonary mortality and exposure to particulate matter in polluted air (Donaldson et al., 2001, Frampton, 2001, Pope et al., 2002), few reports have focused on the CNS. In dogs living in a highly polluted region, Southwest Metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC), an increase in brain inflammation was documented when compared with animals
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grants from NIH (ES7992 & AG16794), California Air Resources Board Agreement 98-316, and Southern California Particle Center and Supersite (SCPCS), funded by the U.S. EPA (STAR Grant R82735201). We would like to thank Dr. John Froines, as P.I. of the SCPCS, University of California, Los Angeles, for technical support of the ambient concentrated particle exposure study from which the tissue used in this paper were derived.
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