Mechanisms of asthma and allergic inflammationNeurotrophins in allergic diseases: From neuronal growth factors to intercellular signaling molecules
Section snippets
Discovery of neurotrophins in allergic diseases
The first observation that neurotrophins may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases came from studies of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, a disease with local mast cell activation.3 Indeed, NGF was then found to be increased in the blood of patients with various allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, urticaria, and atopic dermatitis.4, 5 In patients with atopic dermatitis, plasma NGF levels correlated positively with inflammatory disease activity.5 Intensive research
Neurotrophins and the local nervous system
Neurotrophins control the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of neurons in the peripheral as well as the central nervous system (see review1). Neurotrophins are target-derived neuronal growth factors that regulate neuronal outgrowth toward their place of synthesis.11 They are essential for the development of the peripheral nervous system and induce a variety of responses in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons. These effects include chemotaxis, regulation of neurotransmitter
Neurogenic mechanisms
Structural and functional changes in sensory innervation in the lung or skin are under control of inflammatory mediators, which are released during allergic inflammation. It is well known that various ILs, such as IL-1, mediate signals from the immune to the nervous system and stimulate neuropeptide synthesis.45 However, communication between neurons and immune cells is not restricted to these classic cytokines. Recent studies indicate that neurotrophins trigger such neuroimmune interactions as
Conclusion
Blood levels of neurotrophins are increased in allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. There is growing evidence that neurotrophins are part of an integrated adaptive response to several offending stimuli that connect cells of the immune and nervous system together with structural cells. Neurotrophins were initially discovered as growth factors supporting neuronal maintenance, but it is now clear that their target cells are not limited to the nervous system. Tissue and immune
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Supported by a grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB/TR-22 Projekt A9.