Asthma diagnosis and treatmentThe role of endogenous and exogenous AMP in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Section snippets
Role of endogenous adenosine in asthmatic airway inflammation
Adenosine is a signaling nucleotide that acts on extracellular cell-surface receptors.11., 12. Four different 7-transmembrane-spanning adenosine receptors have been described, namely, adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors.13 Human lung mast cells have been shown to express A2A and A2B receptors, but not A1 or A3 receptors.14., 15. In a recent study, only activation of the A2B receptor resulted in mast cell activation.16., 17. Thus, there is evidence suggesting that AMP-induced
Asthma
Although it is generally accepted that airway inflammation contributes to both the presence and the severity of BHR, the association between airway inflammation and direct BHR is weak.43., 44., 45., 46., 47. Other factors also contribute to the presence and severity of BHR. Indeed, recent morphologic and functional studies have demonstrated that BHR may be compounded by airway remodeling.48 It is interesting to note that it has been demonstrated in patients with asthma that both AMP and
Drawbacks of amp challenge
There are several possible drawbacks to the use of AMP challenge. First, the cutoff point between normal and abnormal for the PC20 AMP is arbitrary, because no population-based data are available. It has been proposed to use a cutoff point of 160 mg/mL because this was discriminatory between patients with asthma and healthy controls in a study of Oosterhoff et al79 with a limited number of patients. However, in other studies it was found that a large percentage of patients with asthma is
Mast cells, β2-adrenoceptor agonists, and bronchoprotection against PC20 AMP
In recent years, there has been a tendency to attach less importance to the role of the mast cell as an effector cell in asthma. However, new findings have led to a resurgence of interest in the mast cell and support a re-evaluation of its role. In particular, the discovery that mast cells are a source of cytokines has suggested new ways in which mast cell activation could also participate in more persistent and even chronic inflammatory responses.86., 87., 88. These observations have obvious
Conclusions
Measurement of BHR not only seems to be of pathophysiological interest, but may also be of clinical importance. It is interesting to note that the PC20 AMP (1) is more closely associated with airway inflammation in asthma than the PC20 methacholine and (2) better reflects corticosteroid-induced reduction airway inflammation. Moreover, the PC20 AMP seems to offer substantial advantages over other noninvasive markers of inflammation because of its exquisite sensitivity in probing changes to
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A retro-inverso modified peptide alleviated ovalbumin-induced asthma model by affecting glycerophospholipid and purine metabolism of immune cells
2023, Pulmonary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCitation Excerpt :Additionally, Ribose 5P, AIR, GMP, guanosine, dGMP, AMP and dAMP involved in the purine metabolism pathways were upregulated in the OVA group. AMP can induce eosinophilia and is an indirect stimulus to induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness because it works by releasing histamine and other mediators from immunologically primed mast cells [37,38]. PD00 treatment ameliorated purine metabolism disorders induced by OVA.
Realising the potential of various inhaled airway challenge agents through improved delivery to the lungs
2018, Pulmonary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsExtrafine compared to non-extrafine particle inhaled corticosteroids in smokers and ex-smokers with asthma
2017, Respiratory MedicineCitation Excerpt :It has therefore been suggested that AMP is a more sensitive tool to monitor airway constriction and its response to ICS in asthma. However, AMP has as major drawback that a substantial part of the asthma patients is unresponsive to AMP, even after inhalation of the highest concentration (between 320 and 400 mg/mL) [16,18]. The recently developed dry powder adenosine resolves this limitation and can be administered in higher doses if needed.
Adenosine dry powder inhalation for bronchial challenge testing, part 1: Inhaler and formulation development and in vitro performance testing
2014, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and BiopharmaceuticsThe role of dendritic cells in asthma
2012, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
The authors declare no conflict of interest.