Biomarkers in Acute Lung Injury: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Acute Lung Injury
Section snippets
Inflammation
The inflammatory responses in ALI can either be directly related to an ongoing primary infectious stimulus such as pneumonia or there may be systemic inflammation that is being amplified by the lung injury.2, 31 The inflammatory cascade involves inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory mediators.31 Comparing the ratio of cytokines in serum with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) suggests that most of the inflammatory mediators have a pulmonary origin and are not just the effect of
Summary
Studies of biomarkers in ALI have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of lung injury and repair. Currently, it is not possible to identify a single biomarker that is specific or sensitive enough to be incorporated into routine clinical practice. However, in the future, measurement of plasma biomarkers may help stratify ALI patients for clinical trials. As illustrated in one recent study,24 the combination of clinical predictors and elevated levels of two to three plasma biomarkers
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Professor DF McAuley for help in manuscript preparation.
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Disclosure: LJMC has received funding from Northern Ireland HSC Research and Development Fellowship.