Bronchoscopy and needle biopsy techniques for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer

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Central Lung Cancer

Flexible bronchoscopy provides a direct approach to accurate diagnosis of endoscopically visible lung cancers.5, 64, 182 Flexible bronchoscopy starts with a thorough visual inspection of air ways. Endobronchial tumors may manifest as anexophytic mass lesion (EML) partially or totally occluding the bronchial lumen or as submucosal and peribronchial disease (SPD). Tumors located in the peribronchial area cause extrinsic compression and submucosal infiltration of the bronchial wall. The involved

TRANSTHORACIC NEEDLE BIOPSY

The popularity of transthoracic needle biopsy (TNB) for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer has grown over the past 35 years. Early concerns about the safety and yield of this technique have been quieted by technical advances and experience. Improvements in imaging, biopsy equipment, technique, and cytopathology have allowed the indications for this procedure to expand to include lesions that are smaller and more difficult to approach. Many questions and room for advancement remain. Most

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