The gastropulmonary route of infection—Fact or fiction?
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Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia:: European perspective
2003, Infectious Disease Clinics of North AmericaSurveillance of enteral nutrition, complications and prevention
2003, ReanimationNutrometabolic support in the critical surgical patient
2001, Cirugia EspanolaAcidification of formula reduces bacterial translocation and gut colonization in a neonatal rabbit model
2001, Journal of Pediatric SurgeryCitation Excerpt :This confirms that a pH below 4, whether through native gastric acid production or formula acidification, effects bacterial killing and exerts protection from bacterial translocation and gut colonization. The concept of gastric colonization as a source of infection received little attention until recognition of the increased infectious morbidity associated with stress gastritis prophylaxis and induced gastric neutrality through enteral feedings.13,18,27-33 Since that time, renewed interest in restoring the natural defense of gastric acidity has ensued.
Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia: Focus on prophylaxis
2001, Medical Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :In a more recent study, 75% of the pathogens causing VAP in ICU patients had been identified previously as colonizing the oropharynx.9 In mechanically ventilated patients, the stomach and gastrointestinal tract may be a source of oropharyngeal and tracheal pathogens, particularly in late-onset VAP.38,39,78,102 Although the stomach is usually sterile at a pH less than 3, dramatic increases in gastric colonization (≥100,000 to 1 million bacteria/mL of gastric juice at a pH >3.5) have been reported in patients with advanced age, achlorhydria, various gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition, or use of antacids and histamine type 2 (H2) blockers or enteral feeding.2,38,39