| First author [ref.] | Location | Definition of exposure | Definition of outcome | Age yrs | Children n | OR central estimate (95% CI) | Type of estimate |
| Antova [15] | Pollution and the Young Study, multiple locations | Visible mould | Asthma ever | 6–12 | 57099 (pooled) | 1.35 (1.20–1.51) | aOR |
| Mould ever | 1.36 (1.19–1.56) | aOR | |||||
| Recent mould | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | aOR | |||||
| Dales [16] | Canada | No. of mould sites | DD asthma | 5–8 | 13495 | ||
| 0 versus 1 | 1.40 (1.16–1.68) | cOR | |||||
| 0 versus 2 | 1.67 (1.27–2.19) | cOR | |||||
| Dong [17] | China | Visible mould | DD asthma (ever) | 6–13 | 10784 | 1.54 (1.22–1.94) | aOR |
| Current asthma | 1.69 (1.15–2.48) | aOR | |||||
| Ponsonby [18] | Tasmania, Australia | Mould in child’s room i.r. | Asthma | 7 | 6378 | 1.26 (0.87–1.81) | aOR |
| Mould (excl. bathroom) p.r. | 1.20 (0.96–1.51) | aOR | |||||
| Spengler [19] | Russia | Presence of moulds | DD asthma | 8–12 | 5951 | 2.82 (1.63–4.88) | aOR |
| Asthma symptoms | 1.98 (1.53–2.55) | aOR | |||||
| Freeman [20] | USA | Any mould | DD asthma | 8.1–10.9 | 4634 | 1.54 (1.27–1.87) | aOR |
| Any mould | <6 | 240 | 3.30 (1.57–6.97) | aOR | |||
| Brunekreef [21] | USA | Mould or mildew (age 7–11 yrs) | DD Asthma | 8–12 | 4625 | 1.27 (0.93–1.74) | aOR |
| Dong [22] | China | Visible mould | DD asthma | 1–6 | 3945 | 1.56 (1.13–2.16) | aOR |
| Current asthma | 1.89 (1.22–2.94) | aOR | |||||
| Brunekreef [23] | The Netherlands | Visible mould (1987) | Asthma | 6–12 | 1051 | 1.12 (0.39–3.38) | aOR |
| Visible mould (1989) | Asthma | 3344 | 1.53 (1.04–2.28) | aOR | |||
| Warman [24] | USA | Visible mould on walls | DD asthma | 5–11 | 1772 | 3.26 (2.38–4.45) | cOR |
| Visible mould on walls, ceilings or windows | DD asthma | 2.66 (2.04–3.48) | cOR | ||||
| Chen [25] | Taiwan | Mould patches | DD asthma | 7–12 | 1452 | 1.55 (0.78–3.09) | aOR |
| Asthma symptoms | 1.56 (0.90–2.69) | aOR | |||||
| Li [26] | Taiwan | Visible mould/mildew | DD asthma | 8–12 | 1340 | 1.12 (0.72–1.74) | aOR |
| Zheng [27] | China | Mould or fungi | DD Asthma | 6–10 | 1209 | ||
| Family ceiling | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | aOR | |||||
| Child’s bedroom | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | aOR | |||||
| Maier [28] | USA | Visible mould | DD asthma | 5–9 | 925 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | cOR |
| Dijkstra [29] | The Netherlands | Damp stains and mould | Asthma | 6–12 | 775 | 1.56 (0.50–4.87) | cOR |
| Tischer [30] | Germany and The Netherlands | Visible mould (Germany) | DD asthma | 6 | 358 | 1.03 (0.26–4.16) | aOR |
| Visible mould (The Netherlands) | 332 | 1.14 (0.48–2.70) | aOR | ||||
| Verhoeff [31] | The Netherlands | Visible mould | DD Asthma ever | 6–12 | 516 | ||
| Living room p.r. | 2.95 (1.34–6.25) | cOR | |||||
| Child’s bedroom p.r. | 1.88 (0.74–4.78) | cOR | |||||
| Living room i.r. | 1.83 (0.81–4.13) | cOR | |||||
| Child’s bedroom i.r. | 0.99 (0.31–3.14) | cOR | |||||
| Dales [32] | Canada | Ever mould/mildew | DD asthma | 10 | 403 | 0.91 (0.42–1.95) | aOR |
| Pekkanen [33] | Finland | Visible mould | DD Asthma | 1–7 | 362 | 1.24 (0.73–2.11) | aOR |
| Mould spots living room | 4.01 (1.12–14.32) | aOR | |||||
| Visible mould living room | 1.95 (0.69–5.47) | aOR | |||||
| Fagbule [34] | Nigeria | Mould growth | Current asthma | 5.5 | 280 | 0.48 (0.30–0.79) | aOR |
| Li [35] | Taiwan | Visible mould | Asthma | 7–15 | 46 | 1.02 (0.39–2.69) | aOR |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; DD: physician-diagnosed; cOR: crude odds ratio; p.r.: parental reported; i.r.: inspector reported. Data in bold were included within the meta-analysis.