| Indacaterol | Tiotropium | Indacaterol–tiotropium difference | p-value for non-inferiority | p-value for superiority | |
| All patients | 1.44±0.010 | 1.43±0.010 | 0.00 (-0.02–0.02) | <0.001 | 0.850 |
| Patient subgroups | |||||
| Age yrs | |||||
| <65 | 1.44±0.011 | 1.45±0.011 | 0.00 (-0.03–0.02) | <0.001 | 0.774 |
| ≥65 | 1.44±0.012 | 1.43±0.012 | 0.01 (-0.02–0.04) | <0.001 | 0.420 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1.44±0.010 | 1.44±0.010 | 0.00 (-0.02–0.02) | <0.001 | 0.987 |
| Female | 1.44±0.015 | 1.43±0.014 | 0.01 (-0.03–0.04) | <0.001 | 0.659 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Ex-smoker | 1.45±0.011 | 1.46±0.011 | -0.01 (-0.04–0.01) | <0.001 | 0.409 |
| Current smoker | 1.44±0.012 | 1.42±0.012 | 0.02 (-0.01–0.05) | <0.001 | 0.177 |
| COPD severity | |||||
| Moderate or less | 1.45±0.011 | 1.42±0.011 | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | <0.001 | 0.013 |
| Severe or very severe | 1.42±0.014 | 1.47±0.013 | -0.04 (-0.07– -0.01) | 0.215 | 0.007 |
| ICS use | |||||
| No | 1.46±0.012 | 1.44±0.012 | 0.02 (-0.01–0.04) | <0.001 | 0.244 |
| Yes | 1.43±0.011 | 1.44±0.011 | -0.01 (-0.03–0.02) | <0.001 | 0.495 |
| Reversibility to salbutamol | |||||
| ≤12% | 1.43±0.012 | 1.42±0.012 | 0.01 (-0.02–0.03) | <0.001 | 0.631 |
| >12% | 1.46±0.013 | 1.46±0.013 | 0.00 (-0.03–0.03) | <0.001 | 0.948 |
Data are presented as mean±se or mean (95% CI), unless otherwise stated. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid.