All | Survivors | Nonsurvivors | p-value | |
Patients n | 101 | 81 | 20 | |
Age yrs | 57 (43–70) | 55 (42–68) | 67 (52–75) | 0.033 |
Males | 74 (74) | 61 (76) | 13 (65) | 0.459 |
Admission category | ||||
Medical | 53 (53) | 41 (51) | 12 (60) | 0.615 |
Elective surgery | 4 (4) | 4 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.582 |
Emergency surgery | 43 (43) | 35 (43) | 8 (40) | 0.994 |
Coexisting illnesses | ||||
Cardiac | 48 (48) | 37 (46) | 11 (55) | 0.619 |
Pulmonary | 19 (19) | 14 (17) | 5 (25) | 0.523 |
Renal | 16 (16) | 11 (14) | 5 (25) | 0.302 |
Haematological/oncological | 8 (8) | 4 (5) | 4 (20) | 0.047 |
Reason for mechanical ventilation | ||||
Cardiovascular failure | 32 (32) | 25 (31) | 7 (35) | 0.930 |
Acute respiratory failure | 53 (53) | 42 (52) | 11 (55) | 0.998 |
Trauma | 33 (33) | 28 (35) | 5 (25) | 0.582 |
Neurologic failure | 30 (30) | 26 (32) | 4 (20) | 0.431 |
Sepsis | 25 (25) | 22 (27) | 3 (15) | 0.387 |
Miscellaneous | 10 (10) | 9 (11) | 1 (5) | 0.682 |
Duration of mechanical ventilation before VAP days | 6 (3.5–9) | 6 (3–9) | 5.5 (4–9.8) | 0.801 |
Antibiotics within 14 days before VAP onset | 76 (75) | 59 (73) | 17 (85) | 0.387 |
Vital parameters at VAP onset | ||||
Heart rate beats·min−1 | 90 (79–103) | 90 (80–110) | 88 (76–95) | 0.344 |
MAP mmHg | 77 (70–90) | 77 (70–90) | 75 (68–85) | 0.436 |
Temperature °C | 38.0 (37.4–38.6) | 38.1 (37.6–38.8) | 37.4 (37.0–38.3) | 0.010 |
Pa,O2/FI,O2 | 188 (135–253) | 192 (140–254) | 173 (126–225) | 0.290 |
Sa,O2 % | 97 (94–99) | 97 (94–99) | 98 (96–99) | 0.468 |
WBCs ×109 cells·L−1 | 11.6 (8.0–15.0) | 11.2 (8.0–14.6) | 13.3 (9.3–18.0) | 0.209 |
Microbiology | ||||
Positive EA, BAL or PSB cultures | 74 (76) | 58 (73) | 16 (89) | 0.226 |
Positive blood cultures | 34 (34) | 29 (36) | 5 (25) | 0.515 |
Clinical scores at VAP onset | ||||
SAPS II | 40.5 (32.3–51.0) | 38.0 (31.0–47.0) | 48.0 (42.0–55.0) | 0.002 |
ODIN | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 3 (1–4) | 0.050 |
SOFA score | 7.0 (6.0–9.8) | 6 (5–9) | 9 (7–14) | 0.002 |
CPIS | 7.5 (6.0–9.0) | 8.0 (6.0–9.0) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 0.799 |
Biomarkers at VAP onset | ||||
MR-proANP pmol·L−1 | 163 (98–374) | 149 (93–278) | 373 (114–784) | 0.003 |
PCT ng·mL−1 | 0.69 (0.22–2.34) | 0.58 (0.19–2.00) | 1.36 (0.38–6.04) | 0.017 |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%), unless otherwise stated. Fever was defined as a body temperature >38°C (100.4°F). Leukocytosis and leukopenia were defined as a leukocyte count >11,000 and <3,000 cells·μL−1, respectively. MAP: mean arterial pressure; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; FI,O2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; Sa,O2: arterial oxygen saturation; WBC: white blood cells; EA: endotracheal aspirates; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; PSB: protected specimen brush; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; ODIN: Organ Dysfunction and/or Infection; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; CPIS: Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score; MR-proANP: midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; PCT: procalcitonin. Bold indicates statistically significant p-values.