Age-adjusted weighted prevalence of respiratory outcomes associated with country level income stratified by sex and smoking status
| Current wheezing symptoms | Diagnosed asthma | |||||
| Low GNI# | Middle GNI¶ | High GNI+ | Low GNI§ | Middle GNIƒ | High GNI## | |
| Overall | 13.3 (12.3–14.4) | 7.6 (6.7–8.5) | 13.0 (12.3–13.7) | 8.2 (7.0–9.3) | 5.2 (4.3–6.0) | 9.4 (8.7–10.0) |
| Female | 12.5 (11.1–13.9) | 7.1 (6.7–8.7) | 13.0 (12.1–14.0) | 7.6 (6.5–8.8) | 5.1 (4.2–6.1) | 9.7 (8.8–10.7) |
| Male | 14.1 (12.8–15.4) | 7.4 (6.0–8.7) | 12.9 (12.0–13.7) | 8.6 (7.2–10.0) | 5.2 (3.9–6.5) | 8.8 (8.2–9.4) |
| Current smoker | 18.0 (16.1–19.8) | 7.3 (5.5–9.1) | 13.1 (11.5–14.6) | 10.4 (8.8–12.0) | 4.4 (3.0–5.7) | 5.9 (4.6–7.1) |
| Non-smoker | 10.7 (9.4–12.0) | 7.7 (6.7–8.6) | 12.1 (10.3–13.8) | 6.9 (5.8–8.0) | 5.5 (4.4–6.6) | 7.0 (5.4–8.6) |
| Mostly urban | 9.9 (9.0–10.8) | 18.0 (17.2–18.8) | 13.2 (12.5–13.9) | 5.7 (5.1–6.3) | 8.9 (8.3–9.4) | 9.3 (8.8–9.9) |
| Mostly rural | 13.3 (12.3–14.4) | 4.6 (3.5–5.7) | 10.8 (7.8–13.8) | 8.2 (7.1–9.3) | 4.1 (2.9–5.3) | 9.9 (7.2–12.7) |
| Low Gini | 13.1 (12.1–14.2) | 14.7 (13.8–15.8) | 13.5 (12.7–14.3) | 8.1 (7.0–9.3) | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | 9.2 (8.5–9.8) |
| High Gini | 23.5 (22.3–24.7) | 6.8 (5.9–7.8) | 8.9 (8.1–9.7) | 10.8 (9.9–11.7) | 5.2 (4.3–6.1) | 12.6 (11.4–13.7) |
Data are presented as weighted prevalence % (95% CI). GNI: per capita gross national income; Gini coefficient is a measure of household income inequality within a country [21, 22]. #: weighted frequency n = 8,657; ¶: weighted frequency n = 9,951; +: weighted frequency n = 7,391; §: weighted frequency n = 4,429; ƒ: weighted frequency n = 4,705; ##: weighted frequency n = 5,580.