Table 5—

Baseline smoking status in relation to baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s(FEV₁) and FEV₁ decline during follow-up in males^# and females^¶ (linear mixed-effects model⁺)

	Smoking status
	Never	Former	Current
Males
Baseline FEV₁ mL	Ref	-58 (-112− -3)	-286 (-342− -230)
FEV₁ decline mL·yr⁻¹	Ref^§	2.1 (-1.2−5.5)	11.2 (7.7−14.8)
Females
Baseline FEV₁ mL	Ref	13 (-20–47)	-155 (-190− -121)
FEV₁ decline mL·yr⁻¹	Ref^§	-0.5 (-2.6−1.7)	7.0 (4.7−9.2)

Data are presented as β (95% confidence interval), where β (the longitudinal linear regression coefficient) is effectively an adjusted mean, and relative to reference class. ^#: n = 2,679 (5,760 records); ^¶: n = 3,026 (6,365 records); ⁺: including baseline age, age squared, height, height squared and interaction term of baseline age with time, with baseline age centred at 45 yrs; ^§: rate of FEV₁ decline in never-smokers of 26.4 mL·yr⁻¹ (95% CI 23.9–28.8 mL·yr⁻¹) in males, and 22.0 mL·yr⁻¹ (95% CI 20.5−23.5 mL·yr⁻¹) in females.