First author [ref.] | Sample | Waist cm | SBP mmHg | DBP mmHg | FBG mg·dL−1 | HDL mmol·dL−1 | TG mmol·dL−1 | MetS | Comments |
Coughlin 10 | Suspected OSA: | OSAS associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. MetS: OR 9.1 (95% CI 2.6–31.2) | |||||||
Obese non-OSA (n = 43) | 103 | 131 | 86 | 82 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 35 | ||
Obese OSA (n = 61) | 117 | 142 | 91 | 84 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 87 | ||
Lam 58 | 255 subjects from general population: | MetS prevalence 56% in mild OSA 54% in moderate OSA, 70% in severe OSA. Most frequent MetS components: waist circumference, DBP, increased FBG. MetS: OR 5.3 (95% CI: 3.03–9.26) | |||||||
Non-OSA (n = 160) | (23) | (55) | (9) | (10) | (45) | (25) | 21 | ||
OSA (n = 95) | (69) | (33) | (23) | (23) | (63) | (46) | 58 | ||
Gruber 65 | 79 subjects: | MetS: OR 5.9 (95% CI 2.0–17.6). IR not associated with OSAS independent of obesity | |||||||
Non-OSA (n = 38) | 102 | 134 | 82 | 102 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 24 | ||
OSA (n = 41) | 114 | 147 | 83 | 106 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 74 | ||
Peled 74 | 98 patients: | Increasing prevalence of the MetS with OSA severity; AHI affects IR and MetS score more than Sa,O2 | |||||||
Snorers (n = 9) | (67) | (13) | 88 | (0) | (22) | 0 | |||
Mild OSA (9) | (57) | (43) | 89 | (22) | (63) | 11 | |||
Moderate OSA (n = 27) | (82) | (41) | 102 | (39) | (48) | 21 | |||
Severe OSA (n = 53) | (91) | (58) | 109 | (47) | (68) | 30 | |||
Sasanabe 88 | 907 subjects: | MetS associated with OSA severity. In severe OSA MetS: OR 5.1 (95% CI 2.7–9.7) in males and OR 14 (95% CI 2.9–66.8) in females | |||||||
Controls (n = 89) | (56) | (41) | (12) | 49 mg·dL−1 | 151 mg·dL−1 | 22 | |||
OSA (n = 819) | (84) | (50) | (12) | 48 mg·dL−1 | 189 mg·dL−1 | 50 | |||
Shiina 89 | Suspected OSA: | OSA associated with high risk for MetS | |||||||
Non-OSA (n = 90) | 128 | 80 | 91 | 1.39 | 1.77 | 16 | |||
OSA (n = 94) | 138 | 87 | 100 | 1.24 | 2.28 | 43 | |||
Kono 90 | Case–control study | VFA/SFA | AHI predictive of number of MetS components, BMI or Sa,O2 (nonsignificant) | ||||||
Non-OSA (n = 52) | 0.76 | 125 (15) | 77 | 93 (10) | 55 mg·dL−1 | 117 mg·dL−1 (25) | 4 | ||
OSA (n = 42) | 0.89 | 131 (45) | 77 | 111 (33) | 50 mg·dL−1 | 126 mg·dL−1 (48) | 19 | ||
McArdle 75 | Case–control study | IR found only in OSA, no additional cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
Non-OSA (n = 21) | 97 | 120 | 73 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1 | ||
OSA (n = 21) | 98 | 122 | 71 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 5 | ||
Tkacova 91 | Cross-sectional | MetS associated with OSA severity. In severe OSA, MetS: 1.8 in mild-to-moderate OSA; 8.36 in severe OSA | |||||||
AHI <5 (n = 28) | 98 | 132 | 82 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 46 | ||
AHI 5–30 (n = 39) | 104 | 138 | 85 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 51 | ||
AHI >30 (n = 31) | 119 | 144 | 88 | 5.8 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 77 |
The data in parenthesis are percentage of subjects, unless otherwise stated. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HDL; high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; OSA: obstructive sleep apnoea; AHI: apnoea/hypopnoea index; VFA: visceral fat accumulation; SFA: sub-cutaneous fat accumulation; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IR: insulin resistance Sa,O2: arterial oxygen saturation; BMI: body mass index.