First author [ref.] | Subjects n | Age yrs | Sex M/F n | FEV1 % pred# | BMI kg·m−2 | FFMI kg·m−2 | Dependent variable/ correlation with | Covariables/ adjusted for | Significant correlate(s) | |
Bolton 30 | 58 | 67 | 31/27 | 54 | 25.6 | 17.21 | Osteoporosis | Age, sex, daily dose of inhaled steroids, pack-yrs, FEV1, BMI, SFA FFMI, MAC, %IBW | BMI (OR: 0.79), %IBW (OR: 0.93) | |
Vrieze 20 | 115 | 60 | 62/53 | 43.4 | 26.4 | 17.3 | Abnormal BMD (T-score <−1 based on QUS) | 3 models, all adjusted for age and sex: 1) GOLD stages, 2) normal and low FFM, 3) normal and low BMI | GOLD III (OR: 2.4), GOLD IV (OR: 7.6), low FFM (OR: 4.9), low BMI (OR: 4.7) | |
Kjensli 31 | 88 | 64 | 57/31 | 44.4 | 25.7 | NA | 3 models: 1) ZL2–4; 2) ZFN; 3) ZTB | BMI and steroid use | 1) GOLD II–IV (se: 0.3), BMI (se 0.0), steroids (SE 0.1); 2) BMI (se 0.0); 3) BMI (se 0.0) | |
Mineo 22¶ | 40 | 61 | Males only | 1.06 L | 22.9 | NA (FFM: 48.6) | Increase in lumbar BMD | NA | ΔRV (ρ = −0.51), ΔDL,CO (ρ = 0.52), ΔBMI (ρ = 0.50), ΔFFM (ρ = 0.52), Δbone APH (ρ = −0.42), Δβ-crosslaps+ (ρ = −0.61), Δmethylprednisolone (ρ = −0.41) | |
Komerik 32 | 30 | 66 | 20/10 | Not shown | 24.0 | NA | Mandibular BMD | NA | Serum calcium(pos corr; r = 0.37), APH (neg corr; r = 0.52) | |
Bolton 12 | 81 | 66 | 43/38 | 44 | 24.0 | 16.2 | BMD | FFMI, FMI, pack-yrs, age, sex, IL-6, inhaled corticosteroid dose and FEV1 | FFMI (r2 = 0.60) | |
Scanlon 33 | 412 | 56 | 217/195 | 69.3 | 26.3 | NA | Change in BMD 2 places: 1) FN, 2) LS | Drug (ICS versus placebo), age group (≥56 yrs versus <56 yrs), sex, cigarettes a day, calcium use, vitamin D use, multivitamin use | 1) Drug (ES = −1.72%), age group (ES = −1.14%); 2) drug (ES = −1.21%), sex (ES = −1.19%): | |
Dubois 24 | 1222 | 58 | 666/556 | NS | 25.8 | NA | 1) LS BMD, 2) TH BMD, 3) FN BMD | BMI, FEV1, RV, TLC, treatment group§ | 1) Treatment group 2§ (r = 0.48), 2) BMI(r = 0.65), 3) BMI(r = 0.58) | |
Katsura 25 | 20 | 72 | Females only | 50 | 22.0 | NA | 1) Total body BMD, 2) LS BMD | NA | 1) BMI (pos corr r = 0.49), 2) BMI (pos corr r = 0.55) | |
Dimai 27 | 71 | 65 | Males only | NS | 25.8 | NA | BMD | NA | Partial correlation coefficient of pH (r not shown) | |
Incalzi 28 | 104 | 71 | 68/36 | NS | 26.3 | NA | Osteoporosis | Age, male gender, Pa,CO2>6.93 kPa, BMI ≤22 kg·m−2, FEV1/FVC <34%, MAMC <201.34 | BMI ≤22 kg·m−2 (OR: 4.18) | |
Bikle 34 | 36 | 63 | Males onlyƒ | 1.5 L | NA | NA | BMD | NA | FEV1 (r = 0.77) |
M: male; F: female; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; OR: odds ratio; SFA: skinfold anthropometry; MA(M)C: midarm (muscle) circumference; %IBW: % of ideal body weight; BMD: bone mineral density; QUS: quantitative ultrasound; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; FFM: fat-free mass; ZL2–4: Z-score at lumbar spine vertebra L2–L4; ZFN: Z-score femoral neck; ZTB: Z-score total body; NA: not assessed or not applicable; Δ: change; RV: residual volume; DL,CO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; (bone-)APH: (bone-specific) alkaline phosphatase; pos corr: positive correlation; neg corr: negative correlation; IL: interleukin; ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; FN: femoral neck; LS: lumbar spine; ES: effect size; TH: total hip; TLC: total lung capacity; Pa,CO2: arterial carbon dioxide tension; FVC: forced vital capacity. #: FEV1 is in % predicted, with the exception of the data for Mineo 22; ¶:only COPD patients from the lung volume reduction surgery group (no correlation determined in pulmonary rehabilitation group, n = 30); +: cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; §: group 1: continues oral corticosteroids; group 2: multiple courses of prednisone, cumulative dose ≥1,00 mg; group 3: multiple courses of prednisone, cumulative dose <1,000 mg; group 4: never systemic corticosteroids; ƒ: confirmed by the author.