Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)
| First author [ref.] | Setting/patient group selection | Subjects n | Age yrs | Sex M/F n | FEV1 % pred# | BMI kg·m−2 | FFMI kg·m−2 | BMD measurement/ interpretation | Osteopenia | Osteoporosis |
| FØrli 19 | Patients with advanced pulmonary disease considered for lung transplantation and referred to the Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway | 40 | 52 | 19/21 | 19 | 19.0 | 14.8 | BMD at LS and FN by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | LS 33%, FN 45%; LS and FN combined 38%¶ | LS 48%, FN 48%; LS and FN combined: 59%¶ |
| Sabit 3 | Not specified, UK | 75 | 65 | 42/33 | 56.7 | 27.6 | 17.5 | BMD at lumbar spine and hip by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | Not reported | 24% |
| Vrieze 20 | Rehabilitation Centre of the University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands | 115 | 60 | 62/53 | 43.4 | 26.4 | 17.3 | Calcaneal QUS; T-scores. Interpretation of T-scores according to WHO. | 40.9% | 8.7% |
| JØrgensen 21 | Respiratory outpatient clinic at H:S Bispebjerg Hospital | 54 | 63 | 14/40¶ | 32.1 | NA | NA | BMD LS and FN; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | 29.6% | 40.7% |
| Mineo 22 | Patients selected for lung volume reduction surgery | 70 | 61 | Males only | 1.06 L | 22.9 | NA | BMD total body, LS and left hip by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | 35% | 49% |
| Bolton 12 | Primary care and respiratory outpatients before pulmonary rehabilitation | 81 | 66 | 43/38 | 44 | 24.0 | 16.2 | BMD total body, LS and hip by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | LS 38%, hip 52% | LS 27%, hip 20%; LS and hip combined 32%¶ |
| Karadag 23 | Outpatient clinic of the Dept of Chest Diseases, Aydin, Turkey | 28 | 63 | Males only | 43 | 25.0 | NA | BMD at LS and hip by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | LS 42%, hip: 67% | LS 35%, hip: 10%, LS and hip combined: 40%¶ |
| Dubois 24 | Outpatients of the pulmonary disease clinic of the Reinier de Graaf Groep, Delft and Voorburg, the Netherlands | 86 | 65 | Males only | 66 | 24.9 | NA | BMD at LS, total hip and FN by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | LS 27%, TH 31%, FN 34% | LS 21%, TH 22%, FN 28% |
| Katsura 25 | Outpatient Clinic, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Medical Centre, Tokyo | 20 | 72 | Females only | 50 | 22.0 | NA | BMD at total body and LS. Definition: osteoporosis lumbar BMD <70% of the young adult mean. | Not reported | 50% |
| Tschopp 26 | Patients accepted for lung transplantation at the University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland | 16 | 48 | NA+,§ | NA+,§ | 20.7 | NA | BMD FN, wards triangle and LS by DXA. T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | Not reported | 69% |
| Dimai 27 | Patients from the pneumology unit at the University Hospital of the Graz Medical School, Graz, Austria | 71 | 65 | Males only | NS | 25.8 | NA | BMD distal forearm of the non-dominant arm using peripheral quantitative computed tomography; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | 42% | 28% |
| Incalzi 28 | Patients admitted to the respiratory ward of the University Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy, for an exacerbation of COPD. Studied after resolution of their acute exacerbation | 104 | 71 | 68/36 | NS | 26.3 | NA | BMD LS and FN by DXA; T-scores. Interpretation according to WHO. | NA | 60% |
| Aris 29 | Patients on the waiting list for lung transplantation and went to the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, for evaluation; and post transplantation patients who came to University of North Carolina, for follow-up | 15 | 53¶ | 7/8¶ | 23¶ | 22¶ | NA | BMD LS, non-dominant FN and total body. Interpretation according to WHO# | NA | 40%¶ |
M: male; F: female; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; BMD: bone mineral density; LS: lumbar spine; FN: femoral neck; DXA: dual-energy absorptiometry; WHO: World Health Organization; QUS: quantitative ultrasound; NA: not assessed; TH: total hip; NS: not shown. #: FEV1 is in % predicted, with the exception of the data for Mineo 22; ¶: information provided by the author (by e-mail); +: for total group (not for COPD patients only); §: Not provided by the author.