Table 5—

Odds ratios for risk factors after adjustment for age and centre in urban areas

VariableMalesFemales
AsthmaWheezingAllergic rhinitisEczemaAsthmaWheezingAllergic rhinitisEczema
Age yrs1.02 (0.99–1.06)1.03 (1.01–1.06)#1.00 (0.98–1.03)1.01 (0.97–1.06)1.02 (1.015–1.04)1.00 (0.99–1.02)+0.98 (0.97–0.99)1.01 (0.99–1.02)+
Occupation of females1111
 Housewife
 Worker0.82 (0.53–1.28)1.08 (0.78–1.48)1.11 (0.85–1.46)0.78 (0.50–1.23)
 Official0.69 (0.57–0.91)0.66 (0.52–0.83)0.72 (0.60–0.89)0.47 (0.33–0.65)
 Other0.68 (0.45–0.99)#0.79 (0.58–1.06)+0.86 (0.67–1.12)0.67 (0.44–0.98)#
Occupation of males
 Farmer1111
 Worker0.74 (0.58–0.94)0.81 (0.67–0.99)#0.73 (0.61–0.89)0.73 (0.58–0.93)
 Official0.64 (0.51–0.81)0.78 (0.65–0.93)0.77 (0.65–0.91)0.75 (0.60–0.93)
 Merchant0.61 (0.44–0.84)0.89 (0.71–1.13)0.75 (0.59–0.94)0.70 (0.52–0.95)#
Familial atopy5.27 (4.36–6.37)7.40 (6.29–8.70)11.66 (9.88–13.77)14.08(11.43–17.35)3.49 (2.94–4.16)5.08 (4.36–5.95)7.99 (6.93–9.20)10.73 (8.79–13.08)
Having other allergic disease15.68 (12.66–19.40)8.35 (7.22–9.66)5.52 (4.80–6.36)4.19 (3.52–4.99)10.97 (9.06–13.31)6.80 (5.92–7.82)4.08 (3.61–4.63)3.42 (2.89–4.04)
House type
 Apartment11111111
 Single-family house1.35 (1.11–1.64)1.29 (1.11–1.51)1.60 (1.39–1.84)1.41 (1.17–1.70)1.34 (1.12–1.61)1.33 (1.15–1.54)1.25 (1.10–1.42)1.42 (1.19–1.70)
 Shanty2.87 (1.93–4.25)2.02 (1.42–2.88)1.88 (1.32–2.68)1.83 (1.17–2.86)2.48 (1.69–3.65)2.17 (1.55–3.03)1.51 (1.09–2.10)2.51 (1.70–3.70)
Plants at home0.96 (0.80–1.15)0.95 (0.83–1.10)0.90 (0.78–1.03)0.85 (0.71–1.01)+0.82 (0.70–0.98)#0.84 (0.74–0.97)0.92 (0.82–1.04)0.79 (0.67–0.94)
Pets at home1.18 (0.89–1.56)1.08 (0.86–1.35)0.99 (0.80–1.25)0.94 (0.70–1.27)0.86 (0.64–1.15)1.03 (0.82–1.28)1.13 (0.94–1.37)1.06 (0.81–1.40)
Moulds at home1.74 (1.37–2.22)2.07 (1.72–2.49)1.65 (1.36–1.98)2.31 (1.85–2.87)1.64 (1.31–2.06)2.28 (1.92–2.72)1.68 (1.43–1.98)2.43 (1.97–3.00)
Heating fuel
 Natural gas + LPG11111111
 Wood2.17 (1.67–2.83)1.93 (1.58–2.36)1.74 (1.44–2.11)1.65 (1.29–2.11)1.86 (1.46–2.37)1.94 (1.60–2.35)1.54 (1.30–1.82)1.69 (1.34–2.13)
 Coal1.34 (1.04–1.73)#1.24 (1.03–1.49)#1.05 (0.88–1.26)1.01(0.80–1.28)1.38 (1.11–1.73)1.16 (0.97–1.40)+1.14 (0.98–1.33)+0.86 (0.69–1.07)
 Other (biomass)1.81 (1.23–2.66)1.53 (1.13–2.06)1.20 (0.89–1.62)0.97 (0.64–1.47)1.32 (0.91–1.93)1.25 (0.92–1.70)1.18 (0.91–1.53)0.98 (0.67–1.45)
Cooking fuel
 LPG + natural gas11111111
 Wood + biomass2.54 (1.61–4.00)1.93 (1.28–2.89)2.20 (1.51–3.21)1.57 (0.93–2.64)+1.36 (0.79–2.29)1.41 (0.92–2.16)+1.46 (1.01–2.14)#2.38 (1.54–3.69)
Smoking1.08 (0.90–1.28)2.03 (1.76–2.34)1.05 (0.92–1.20)1.05 (0.88–1.24)1.09 (0.91–1.31)1.98 (1.73–2.26)1.01 (0.89–1.15)0.93 (0.77–1.12)
Passive smoking1.14 (0.94–1.38)1.55 (1.34–1.79)1.01 (0.87–1.17)1.01 (0.83–1.23)1.15 (0.98–1.35)+1.45 (1.27–1.66)1.07 (0.96–1.20)1.12 (0.95–1.32)

  • Data are presented as odds ratio (99% confidence interval). LPG: liquefied petroleum gas. #: p≤0.01; : p≤0.001; +: p≤0.05.