Table 2—

Summary of the clinical investigations on desmosine(DES)/isodesmosine (IDES)

First author [ref.]	Sample size and clinical phenotypes	Controls	Body fluids investigated	Summary of results on DES/IDES levels
Stone 25	21 COPD	22 healthy never-smokers13 healthy smokers	Urine	Significantly higher in COPD and smokers than in never-smokers
Stone 47	18 CF	10 healthy	Urine	Significantly higher in CF
Luisetti 32	30 COPD treated by HNE-synthetic inhibitor	30 COPD placebo-treated	Urine	No difference between actively treated and placebo-treated
Gottlieb 26	10 smokers with rapid lung function decline	8 smokers without rapid lung function decline	Urine	Significantly greater excretion in smokers with rapid decline
Viglio 18	11 stable COPD10 exacerbated COPD9 AATD emphysema13 bronchiectasis11 cystic fibrosis	12 healthy nonsmokers12 healthy smokers	Urine	Significantly higher in the five groups with lung disease than in the two control groups
Gottlieb 36	12 AATD emphysema		Urine	No changes in excretion over 8-week supplementation with plasma α₁-AT
Stoller 37	26 AATD emphysema		Urine	No changes in excretion over 24-week supplementation with plasma α₁-AT
Cocci 48	20 COPD	19 healthy (13 smokers, 6 never-smokers)	Urine	Excretion higher in COPD than in controls, but negatively correlated with CT-assessed extent of emphsyema
Annovazzi 44	14 Pseudoxantoma elasticum	17 healthy carriers15 healthy	Urine, plasma	Higher levels in urine and plasma in the study group than in carriers and healthy controls
Stolk 45	12 AATD emphysema		Urine, plasma	Stable levels over a period of 7 weeks
Boschetto 46	26 COPD	8 nonsmokers	Urine, plasma, induced sputum	Higher levels in COPD than in controlsTrend for higher levels in COPD with CT-assessed emphsyema than in COPD without CT-assessed emphysema
Ma 38	7 COPD12 AATD COPD	13 never-smokers	Urine, plasma, sputum	Plasma and sputum levels higher in AATD COPD than in common COPDIn COPD and AATD COPD, higher levels of unbound DES/IDES in urine than in controls

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CF: cystic fibrosis; HNE: human neutrophil elastase; AATD: α₁-antitrypsin deficiency; α₁-AT: α₁-antitrypsin; CT: computed tomography.