First author [Ref.] | Potential confounders | Outcomes | ||||||||||||
Adequate empirical treatment | Illness severity on ICU admission | Underlying conditions# | Age yrs¶ | Male sex | Bacteraemia | ICU LOS before VAP onset | MV duration before VAP onset | Outbreak | Polymicrobial infection | ICU LOS after VAP onset days¶ | Crude in-hospital mortality n/N (%) | Adjusted in-hospital mortality OR (95% CI) | Adjustment factors | |
Shorr 18 | NA | ns | More MRSA pts with CF* | 74 (64–81) versus 67 (47–78)* | ns | ns | NA | NA | NA | ns | 7 (3–16) versus 7 (3–12) | 17/59 (29) versus 34/95 (36) | NA | NA |
De Ryke 20 | Less in MRSA group** | ns | ns | 58.4±13.9 versus 55.2±17.6 | NA | ns | ns | NA | No | NA | 16 versus 16 | 23/42 (55) versus 10/18 (56) | ns§ | NA |
Gastmeier 21 | NA | NA | NA | Higher in MRSA group*** | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 59/349 (17) versus 105/1502 (7) | 2.62 (1.69–4.02) | Age, sex, hospital size/type, ICU type, time before infection |
Zahar 19 | ns | ns | More MSSA pts with NF## | 68 (57–77) versus 63 (49–74)++ | ns | ns | More prolonged in MRSA groupƒƒ | NA | NA | Less in MRSA group### | 15 (7–32) versus 17 (6–34) | 41/69 (59) versus 26/65 (40) | 1.51 (0.56–4.08) | Adequacy of empirical treatment, illness severity, age, polymicrobial |
Combes 14 | ns | ns | ns | 64±16 versus 58±20++ | ns | ns | NA | More prolonged in MRSA group*** | No | ns | 30.2±22.5 versus 26.5±16.4 | 36/74 (49) versus 28/97 (29) | 1.72 (0.73–4.05) | Adequacy of empirical treatment, illness severity, age, MV duration before VAP onset, presence of bacteraemia |
Pujol 22 | NA | ns | More MSSA pts with NF¶¶ | 54.6±19.7 versus 43±20.6§§ | ns | NA | More prolonged in MRSA group*** | More prolonged in MRSA group*** | Yes | More in MRSA¶¶¶ | NA | 23/41 (56) versus 37/98 (38)ƒ | NA | NA |
Ibelings 24 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | More prolonged in MRSA group* | NA | NA | NA | NA | 37/112 (33) versus 42/144 (29) | NA | NA |
Rello 23 | NA | NA | More MRSA pts with RF* | 60 versus 44* | ns | ns | NA | More prolonged in MRSA group* | No | ns | NA | 8/11 (73) versus 11/38 (29)ƒ | NA | NA |
ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; MV: mechanical ventilation; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NA: not available/not applicable; ns: nonsignificant; pts: patients; CF: cardiac failure; NF: neurological failure; RF: respiratory failure. #: cardiac, respiratory and neurological failure, as well as malignancy and diabetes mellitus, were most commonly reported by the patients enrolled in the individual studies; ¶: median (range) or mean±sd; +: OR (95% CI); §: according to the authors; ƒ: ICU rather than in-hospital mortality data available for these studies. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001; ++: p = 0.04; ¶¶¶: p = 0.03; ¶¶: p = 0.011; ###: p = 0.008; ##: p = 0.006; §§: p = 0.003; ƒƒ: p = 0.002.