Adverse health effects of air pollution linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Mortality |
Increased incidence of lower respiratory tract infections |
Increased exacerbations |
Less ability to cope with daily activities |
Increased frequency and duration of hospitalisations |
Increased emergency ward or physician visits |
Increased pulmonary medication |
Decreased pulmonary function |
Reduction in FEV1 or FVC associated with clinical symptoms |
Increased prevalence of wheezing in the chest apart from colds |
Increased prevalence or incidence of chest tightness |
Increased prevalence or incidence of cough/phlegm requiring medical attention |
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity. Data from 108.