Increased risks(%) of getting a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) definition# by sex associated with some risk factors
Variables | ERS % | Clinical % | ATS % | |||
Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Female | |
Age¶ | ns | ns | 71*** | 85*** | 63*** | 89*** |
Height+ | ns | ns | 34* | 46* | 49*** | 28§ |
Pack-yrs¶ | 22*** | 36* | 30*** | 45** | 32*** | 34* |
Familial history for COPD | ns | NA* | 90** | ns | 53* | ns |
Childhood respiratory infections | 63* | 81** | 39§ | 71* | 55* | ns |
Work exposure to dusts/chemicals | ns | ns | ns | NA§ | 53** | ns |
Low socioeconomic condition | ns | ns | ns | ns | 41§ | ns |
ERS: European Respiratory Society; ATS: American Thoracic Society; ns: nonsignificant; NA: not applicable, protective result in the multiple logistic regression analysis. #: derived by multiple regression models; ¶: expressed in decades; +: expressed in dm; §: borderline significance (0.1>p>0.05). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001. Data from 23.