Table 5—

Increased risks(%) of getting a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) definition# by sex associated with some risk factors

VariablesERS %Clinical %ATS %
MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemale
Agensns71***85***63***89***
Height+nsns34*46*49***28§
Pack-yrs22***36*30***45**32***34*
Familial history for COPDnsNA*90**ns53*ns
Childhood respiratory infections63*81**39§71*55*ns
Work exposure to dusts/chemicalsnsnsnsNA§53**ns
Low socioeconomic conditionnsnsnsns41§ns
  • ERS: European Respiratory Society; ATS: American Thoracic Society; ns: nonsignificant; NA: not applicable, protective result in the multiple logistic regression analysis. #: derived by multiple regression models; : expressed in decades; +: expressed in dm; §: borderline significance (0.1>p>0.05). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001. Data from 23.