Table 1—

Causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Causal mechanismCommonLess common
BacteriaHaemophilus influenzaePseudomonas
Streptococcus pneumoniaie
Moraxella catarrhalis
VirusRhinovirusInfluenza A and B
Respiratory syncytial virusParainfluenza virus
Coronavirus
Adenovirus
Atypical organismsMycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
NoninfectiveAir pollution (particulates, ozone)Pulmonary embolus
Cold temperaturesCongestive cardiac failure