Relative risk (RR) of death# for a reduction in relative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 10%
| Cardiovascular | Respiratory | All causes | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | p-value | RR (95% CI) | p-value | RR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| FEV1 % pred, decrease of 10% | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 0.04 | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | <0.001 |
| Physical fitness, increase of 0.55 kJ·kg−1 (1 sd) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.82 (0.71–0.89) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, smoking status versus never-smoker | ||||||
| Former smoker | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.25 | 1.82 (0.82–4.02) | 0.14 | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 0.51 |
| 1–10 cigarettes·day−1 | 1.74 (1.22–2.48) | 0.002 | 3.26 (1.39–7.67) | 0.007 | 1.61 (1.23–2.09) | <0.001 |
| >10 cigarettes·day−1 | 1.66 (1.19–2.31) | 0.002 | 6.05 (2.82–12.96) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.54–2.46) | <0.001 |
| Serum cholesterol, increase of 1 mmol·L−1 | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | 0.77 | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 0.06 |
| BMI, increase of 1 kg·m−2 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.02 | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.92 | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.17 |
RR: relative risk; CI: confidence interval; % pred: % predicted; BMI: body mass index. Cox regression analysis was performed with smoking status as a time-dependent covariate. #: after also adjusting for age and systolic blood pressure. n = 1,623.