Haematological parameters in whole blood
| NS | HS | PiM | PiZ | p-value | |
| WBC×109·L−1 | 5.8±0.7# | 8.5±2.7 | 8.0±1.3 | 7.8±1.4 | 0.006 |
| Neutrophils×109·L−1 | 3.1±0.7# | 5.1±2.1 | 5.1±1.2# | 4.8±1.1 | 0.009 |
| Lymphocytes×109·L−1 | 2.0±0.4 | 2.5±0.6 | 2.0±0.8 | 2.1±0.6 | 0.275 |
| Hb g·dL−1 | 14.4±0.8 | 14.9±1.0 | 15.7±1.2¶ | 15.9±1.2¶ | 0.033 |
| Hct L·L−1 | 0.44±0.03 | 0.45±0.03 | 0.48±0.04¶ | 0.49±0.03¶ | 0.019 |
| Platelets×109·L−1 | 274±53 | 291±74 | 297±65 | 295±63 | 0.858 |
Data are presented as mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. NS: never-smokers; HS: healthy smokers; PiM: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with normal α1-antitrypsin (AT); PiZ: COPD patients with α1-AT deficiency; WBC: white blood cell, Hb: haemoglobin; Hct: haematocrit. #: p<0.05 versus HS, PiM and PiZ; ¶: p<0.05 versus NS and HS.