Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
| Host factors | Exposures |
| Genetic factors | Smoking |
| Sex | Socio-economic status |
| Airway hyperreactivity, IgE and asthma | Occupation |
| Environmental pollution | |
| Perinatal events and childhood illness | |
| Recurrent bronchopulmonary infections | |
| Diet |
Ig: immunoglobulin