Subject characteristics at study entry (day −15) and at pretreatment baseline (pulmonary function: pre-dose on day 0; exercise: day −5)
| Tiotropium | Placebo | |||
| Study entry | Baseline | Study entry | Baseline | |
| Subjects n | 96 | 91 | ||
| Sex, M:F | 68:28 | 70:21 | ||
| Age yrs | 61.5±5.9 | 59.4±8.0 | ||
| Body mass index kg·m−2 | 26.8±4.6 | 26.2±5.0 | ||
| Smoking history pack-yrs | 50.2±22.4 | 52.1±30.7 | ||
| Current smokers n | 37 | 42 | ||
| Pulmonary function | ||||
| DL,CO mL·min−1·mmHg−1 (% pred) | 15.0±5.7 (56±19) | 15.4±5.9 (56±20) | ||
| FEV1 L (% pred) | 1.22±0.45 (41±13) | 1.25±0.46 (42±13) | 1.27±0.45 (41±12) | 1.29±0.45 (42±12) |
| FVC L (% pred) | 2.64±0.82 (71±16) | 2.73±0.80 (74±17) | 2.79±0.81 (73±17) | 2.92±0.86 (75±17) |
| FEV1/FVC % | 46.2±9.9 | 45.7±10.3 | 45.5±9.4 | 44.6±9.4 |
| SGaw 1·cmH2O−1·s−1 | 0.036±0.021 | 0.038±0.026 | 0.037±0.023 | 0.036±0.017 |
| IC L | 2.23±0.78 | 2.19±0.69 | 2.20±0.68 | 2.18±0.62 |
| FRC L (% pred) | 5.27±1.00 (161±30) | 5.30±1.04(161±28) | 5.37±1.24 (160±30) | 5.37±1.16 (160±29) |
| TLC L (% pred) | 7.51±1.34 (120±17) | 7.49±1.34 (120±18) | 7.57±1.42 (118±15) | 7.54±1.37 (118±15) |
| RV L (% pred) | 4.49±0.94 (199±42) | 4.42±0.99 (197±43) | 4.45±1.21 (197±48) | 4.37±1.11 (196±48) |
| Peak exercise# | ||||
| Work rate W | 78±32 | 59±24 | 79±30 | 60±22 |
| V'O2 L·min−1 | 1.26±0.45 | 1.22±0.42 | 1.28±0.35 | 1.26±0.36 |
| V'O2 mL·kg−1·min−1 | 16.0±4.6 | 15.5±4.3 | 16.7±4.3 | 16.4±4.5 |
| Heart rate beats·min−1 | 123±19 | 120±19 | 127±20 | 125±20 |
| V'E L·min−1 | 42.3±15.7 | 41.4±13.7 | 44.3±13.7 | 44.2±14.6 |
| Sa,O2 % | 92.7±4.6 | 93.5±3.7 | ||
Data are presented as mean±sd unless otherwise stated
M: male
F: female
DL,CO: diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second
FVC: forced vital capacity
SGaw: specific airway conductance
IC: inspiratory capacity
FRC: functional residual capacity
TLC: total lung capacity
RV: residual volume
V'O2: oxygen consumption
V'E: minute ventilation
Sa,O2: oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry
#: symptom-limited incremental exercise at study entry and constant-load exercise at baseline (measurements are averages of the last 30 s of loaded exercise)