Factors associated with all-cause mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
| Variable | RR | 95% CI |
| Age yrs | ||
| 65–74 | 1.00¶ | |
| 75–84 | 1.35 | 1.23–1.47 |
| ≥85 | 1.84 | 1.64–2.06 |
| Charlson comorbidity score | ||
| 0 | 1.00¶ | |
| 1–2 | 1.40 | 1.29–1.52 |
| ≥3 | 1.74 | 1.61–1.88 |
| ICU stay# | ||
| No | 1.00¶ | |
| Yes | 1.21 | 1.01–1.44 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1.00¶ | |
| Male | 1.37 | 1.25–1.50 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | ||
| No | 1.00¶ | |
| Yes | 0.75 | 0.68–0.82 |
| β2-adrenergics | ||
| No | 1.00¶ | |
| Yes | 1.23 | 1.09–1.38 |
| Oral theophyllines | ||
| No | 1.00¶ | |
| Yes | 1.07 | 0.97–1.18 |
| Ipratropium bromide | ||
| No | 1.0¶ | |
| Yes | 1.25 | 1.12–1.39 |
| Oral corticosteroids | ||
| No | 1.0¶ | |
| Yes | 1.08 | 0.98–1.18 |
All analyses have been adjusted for each of the stated variables (see Methods section)
RR: relative risk
CI: confidence interval
ICU: intensive care unit
#: during index hospitalisation
¶: reference