Estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using current asthma and wheezing in the previous12 months as an outcome in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988–1994
| Variables | Asthma | Wheezing | ||
| Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| NonHispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NonHispanic Black | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 0.68 (0.60–0.78) | 0.58 (0.49–0.67) |
| MexicanAmerican | 0.61 (0.48–0.77) | 0.61 (0.45–0.84) | 0.61 (0.51–0.73) | 0.55 (0.44–0.68) |
| Other | 0.74 (0.27–0.43) | 0.83 (0.48–1.44) | 0.67 (0.44–0.97) | 0.72 (0.47–1.09) |
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.53 (1.17–2.01) | 1.48 (1.09–2.01) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) |
| Census region | ||||
| Northeast | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Midwest | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) | ||
| South | 1.17 (0.96–1.42) | 1.17 (0.96–1.43) | ||
| West | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | ||
| Poverty income ratio# | ||||
| At or above poverty | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Below poverty | 1.58 (1.16–2.15) | 1.44 (1.06–1.97) | 1.35 (1.12–1.61) | 1.35 (1.12–1.63) |
| Education | ||||
| High school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <12 yrs | 1.29 (1.04–1.61) | 1.63 (1.25–2.13) | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) |
| Year house built | ||||
| After 1946 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Before 1946 | 1.38 (1.07–1.79) | 1.30 (1.00–1.69) | ||
| Missing | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) | 0.97 (0.66–1.41) | ||
| Use of stove/oven¶ | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.45 (1.09–1.94) | 1.35 (0.94–1.93) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmokers | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current smokers | 1.28 (0.99–1.64) | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) | 3.48 (2.96–4.08) | 3.62 (3.00–4.37) |
| Past smokers | 1.11 (0.85–1.47) | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 1.38 (1.16–1.63) | 1.39 (1.16–1.67) |
| Pet ownership | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.45 (1.20–1.74) | 1.37 (1.09–1.73) | ||
| Hay fever | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5.21 (3.99–6.79) | 5.45 (4.18–7.09) | 2.11 (1.85–2.40) | 2.36 (2.05–2.71) |
| BMI | ||||
| <18.5 | 1.26 (0.60–2.68) | 1.16 (0.50–2.69) | 1.24 (0.81–1.88) | 1.17 (0.72–1.90) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–29.9 | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) |
| ≥30 | 1.33 (1.01–1.76) | 1.43 (1.07–1.92) | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | 1.52 (1.29–1.79) |
Data are presented as OR (95% CI)
#: the poverty income ratio was computed as a ratio of the annual family income as numerator and the poverty threshold, the age of the family reference person and the calendar year, in which the family was interviewed, as a denominator
¶: due to the large number of missing values, these were coded as a category to be in included in the model. Adjusted ORs were obtained by simultaneously adjusting all other variables in the model plus the age