Methods of sputum induction for measurement of inflammatory indices in moderatetosevere, exacerbated or stable, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
| First author [Ref.] | Ultrasonic nebuliser characteristics | Induction procedure | ||||||
| Nebuliser (manufacturer) | Output mL·min−1 | Particle size µm | Bronchodilator# pretreatment µg | Saline inhalation | ||||
| Concentration % | Duration of inhalation min | |||||||
| Each period | Total | Mean | ||||||
| Stable asthma | ||||||||
| Grootendorst 12 | DeVilbiss UN 2000 (DeVilbiss, Corp., Somerset, PA, USA) | 2.5 | 4.5 | 200 | 4.5 | 5.0 | ≤15 | 11.7 |
| Ten Brinke 32 | DeVilbiss UN 2000 (DeVilbiss, Corp.) | 2.5 | 4.5 | 400 | 0.9, 3.0, 4.5 | 5.0 | ≤17 | NA |
| Exacerbated or stable asthma or COPD | ||||||||
| Twaddell 8 | OMRON NEU06 (Omron Corp., Tokyo, Japan) | 2.5 | 4.5 | If PEF fell >10% | 4.5 | 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 | ≤16 | 7.8 |
| Pizzichini 6 | Fisoneb (Canadian Medical Products Ltd., Makham, Ontario, Canada) | 0.87 | 5.6 | 200 | 0.9, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 | 1, 2, 4, 7 | ≤21 | 8.4 |
| de la Fuente 4 | DP100 (Syst′Am, Paris, France) | 2.4 | 4.5 | 200 | 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 | 5.0 | ≤30 | NA |
NA: not available
PEF: peak expiratory flow
#: salbutamol