Case-control and indirect cohort studies of pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness in prevention of invasive disease
| Reference | Population studied | Case/controls n | Study design | Type of infection | % Efficacy or effectiveness (95% CI) |
| 38 | Patients admitted to a Veterans Administration Centre | 89/89 | Case-control | Bacteraemia | −21 (−221–55) |
| 39 | Patients > 55 yrs of age admitted to hospital | 122/244 | Case-control | Invasive infection | 70 (37–86) |
| 19 | Patients ≥18 yrs of age admitted to hospital | 983/983 | Case-control | Invasive infection | |
| All patients | 56 (42–67) | ||||
| Immunocompetent patients | 61 (47–72) | ||||
| Immunocomopromized patients | 21 (−55–60) | ||||
| Persons aged 65–74 yrs (yr <3) | 80 (51–92) | ||||
| Persons aged 65–74 yrs (yr 3–5) | 71 (30–88) | ||||
| Persons aged 65–74 yrs (yr >5) | 58 (−2–83) | ||||
| Persons aged 75–84 yrs (yr <3) | 67 (20–87) | ||||
| Persons aged 75–84 yrs (yr 3–5) | 53 (15–81) | ||||
| Persons aged ≥85 yrs (yr <3) | 46 (−31–78) | ||||
| 20 | Patients >5 yrs of age with pneumococcal bacteraemia or meningitis | 515/2322 | Indirect cohort | Bacteraemia and/or meningitis | |
| All patients | 57 (45–66) | ||||
| Moderate risk patients | 49 (23–65) | ||||
| High risk patients | 49 (22–67) | ||||
| Patients aged ≥65 yrs | 75 (57–85) | ||||
| 40 | Patients ≥2 yrs of age with a chronic illness, or ≥65 yrs of age | 85/152 | Case-control | Bacteraemia | 81 (34–94) |
For prevention of infection with serotype included in the vaccine
isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a normally sterile site
efficacy during the first three after vaccination
efficacy during yr 3–5 after vaccination
efficacy during yr >5 yrs after vaccination
including persons >5 yrs of age with chronic, but not immunocompromizing illnesses, and those aged 65 yrs or more without underlying illness
including sickle-cell anaemia, anatomic asplenia, dysgammaglobulinaemia, haematological, and several other immunocompromizing conditions
CI: confidence interval