Summary of Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) equations for spirometry and current evidence regarding application of these equations in different populations
| GLI reference population | GLI data sources | Population/ancestral origin | Considerations |
| White | Europe, Israel, Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Algeria, Tunisia | White (European); Hispanic (European) | Suitable for use in White European populations [36, 175, 176] |
| Black | African American | Black (North America) | |
| South East Asian | Thailand, Taiwan, China (including Hong Kong) | Asian | |
| North East Asian | Japan, Korea | North East Asian equations demonstrate poor fit when applied to contemporary populations [29] | |
| Multi-ethnic | Average of the other four GLI groups | Multiracial; Black South Africa [177]; India [178]; unknown | Indian [178] and South African [177] data based on a single prospective study in children |