Baseline characteristics of study population
| Total population n=55,413 | Total flavonoid intake quintiles | |||||
| Q1 n=11,083 | Q2 n=11,083 | Q3 n=11,082 | Q4 n=11,083 | Q5 n=11,082 | ||
| Total flavonoid intake (mg/d) | 496 [287–805] | 174 [127–213] | 321 [287–357] | 496 [442–549] | 727 [660–805] | 1203 [1025–1436] |
| Sex (male) | 26,352 (47.6) | 6410 (57.8) | 5669 (51.2) | 5279 (47.6) | 4923 (44.4) | 4071 (36.7) |
| Age (years) | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 55 [52–60] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 [23.3, 28.2] | 26.1 [23.8, 28.9] | 25.9 [23.6, 28.5] | 25.6 [23.3, 28.3] | 25.3 [23.2, 27.9] | 24.9 [22.7, 27.4] |
| MET score | 56.5 [37.0, 84.8] | 51.0 [32.3, 78.0] | 55.5 [36.3, 84.0] | 57.4 [38.0, 85.0] | 58.5 [38.5, 87.0] | 60.0 [39.8, 88.5] |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 19,629 (35.4) | 2737 (24.7) | 3743 (33.8) | 3982 (35.9) | 4442 (40.1) | 4725 (42.6) |
| Former | 15,862 (28.6) | 2659 (24.0) | 2969 (26.8) | 3203 (28.9) | 3527 (31.8) | 3504 (31.6) |
| Current | 19,922 (36.0) | 5692 (51.3) | 4364 (39.4) | 3895 (35.2) | 3112 (28.1) | 2859 (25.8) |
| Education | ||||||
| ≤7 years | 18,143 (32.7) | 5051 (45.6) | 4191 (37.8) | 3539 (31.9) | 2972 (26.8) | 2390 (21.6) |
| 8–10 years | 25,558 (46.1) | 4847 (43.7) | 5211 (47.0) | 5298 (47.8) | 5250 (47.4) | 4952 (44.7) |
| ≥11 years | 11,684 (21.1) | 1184 (10.7) | 1670 (15.1) | 2239 (20.2) | 2852 (25.7) | 3739 (33.7) |
| Mean household income | ||||||
| ≤394,700 DKK/year | 13,634 (24.6) | 3270 (29.5) | 2694 (24.3) | 2658 (24.0) | 2535 (22.9) | 2477 (22.3) |
| 394,701–570,930 DKK/year | 13,842 (25.0) | 3238 (29.2) | 2959 (26.7) | 2683 (24.2) | 2565 (23.1) | 2397 (21.6) |
| 570,931–758,297 DKK/year | 13,953 (25.2) | 2909 (26.2) | 3011 (27.2) | 2870 (25.9) | 2598 (23.4) | 2565 (23.1) |
| > 758,297 DKK/year | 13,984 (25.2) | 1671 (15.1) | 2412 (21.8) | 2869 (25.9) | 3383 (30.5) | 3649 (32.9) |
| Hypertensive | 9288 (16.8) | 1839 (16.6) | 1891 (17.1) | 1888 (17.0) | 1846 (16.7) | 1824 (16.5) |
| Hypercholesterolemic | 4138 (7.5) | 902 (8.1) | 820 (7.4) | 845 (7.6) | 848 (7.7) | 723 (6.5) |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1158 (2.1) | 275 (2.5) | 215 (1.9) | 249 (2.2) | 211 (1.9) | 208 (1.9) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2116 (3.8) | 561 (5.1) | 403 (3.6) | 424 (3.8) | 383 (3.5) | 345 (3.1) |
| Ischemic stroke | 769 (1.4) | 214 (1.9) | 145 (1.3) | 145 (1.3) | 130 (1.2) | 135 (1.2) |
| CKD | 200 (0.4) | 42 (0.4) | 33 (0.3) | 43 (0.4) | 42 (0.4) | 40 (0.4) |
| Medication use | ||||||
| Insulin treated | 683 (1.2) | 158 (1.4) | 121 (1.1) | 152 (1.4) | 129 (1.2) | 123 (1.1) |
| Antihypertensive | 6797 (12.3) | 1337 (12.1) | 1398 (12.6) | 1379 (12.4) | 1348 (12.2) | 1335 (12.0) |
| Statin | 1085 (2.0) | 265 (2.4) | 214 (1.9) | 222 (2.0) | 213 (1.9) | 171 (1.5) |
| HRT | ||||||
| Never | 15,810 (54.4) | 2584 (55.2) | 3014 (55.7) | 3241 (55.9) | 3233 (52.5) | 3738 (53.3) |
| Current | 8742 (30.1) | 1282 (27.4) | 1551 (28.7) | 1682 (29.0) | 1996 (32.4) | 2231 (31.8) |
| Former | 4478 (15.4) | 803 (17.2) | 838 (15.5) | 871 (15.0) | 923 (15.0) | 1043 (14.9) |
| NSAID | 17,934 (32.6) | 3493 (31.7) | 3493 (31.8) | 3594 (32.6) | 3589 (32.5) | 3765 (34.2) |
| Aspirin | 6983 (12.6) | 1362 (12.3) | 1345 (12.1) | 1420 (12.8) | 1370 (12.4) | 1486 (13.4) |
| Dietary characteristics | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2271 [1878–2717] | 2060 [1680–2484] | 2214 [1844–2629] | 2330 [1944–2768] | 2375 [1988–2824] | 2373 [1976–2842] |
| Total fish intake (g/d) | 38 [25–55] | 33 [22–49] | 38 [25–54] | 40 [27–57] | 41 [28–59] | 40 [27–57] |
| Red meat intake (g/d) | 78 [56–107] | 80 [58–108] | 81 [59–110] | 80 [58–110] | 78 [57–107] | 72 [52–99] |
| Processed meat intake (g/d) | 25 [14–40] | 28 [17–45] | 26 [15–42] | 25 [14–40] | 23 [14–38] | 20 [11–34] |
| Refined grain intake (g/d) | 46 [29–72] | 45 [27–80] | 46 [29–73] | 47 [30–72] | 46 [30–70] | 45 [30–68] |
| Wholegrain intake (g/d) | 128 [86–175] | 116 [72–165] | 123 [84–171] | 126 [86–173] | 135 [97–181] | 144 [103–193] |
| Dietary fibre intake (g/d) | 20 [16–25] | 16 [13–20] | 19 [16–23] | 21 [17–25] | 22 [18–27] | 23 [19–29] |
| Saturated FA (g/d) | 31 [24–39] | 29 [23–37] | 31 [24–39] | 32 [24–40] | 32 [25–41] | 32 [24–41] |
| Polyunsaturated FA (g/d) | 13 [10–17] | 12 [9–16] | 13 [10–17] | 14 [10–18] | 14 [11–18] | 14 [10–18] |
| Monounsaturated FA (g/d) | 27 [21–35] | 26 [20–34] | 27 [21–35] | 28 [22–35] | 28 [22–35] | 27 [21–34] |
| Fruit intake (g/d) | 171 [95–281] | 87 [44–141] | 161 [98–238] | 193 [114–301] | 224 [140–360] | 240 [141–390] |
| Vegetable intake (g/d) | 162 [105–231] | 114 [71–170] | 150 [100–212] | 168 [114–235] | 185 [127–254] | 196 [135–272] |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 13 [6–31] | 11 [3–23] | 13 [6–25] | 15 [6–34] | 14 [7–32] | 13 [6–32] |
Data expressed as median [IQR] or n (%), unless otherwise stated.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DKK, Danish Krone; FA, fatty acids; HRT, hormone replacement therapy, MET, metabolic equivalent; NSAID, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.