Univariate | Multivariate | VIF | ||||||
β coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | β coefficient | 95% CI | p-value | |||
Among all COVID-19 patients# | ||||||||
Asthma | 1 384 449 | 466 632–2 302 266 | 0.003* | 524 590 | −384 769–1 433 949 | 0.258 | ||
Among asthma patients¶ | ||||||||
ICS alone | Last one year | 601 388 | −3 023 500–4 226 276 | 0.744 | 2 018 993 | −2 563 742–6 601 729 | 0.386 | 1.630 |
Last two months | 792 081 | −2 976 253–4 560 415 | 0.679 | 1 470 824 | −3 577 161–6 518 809 | 0.566 | 1.822 | |
ICS-LABA | Last one year | 2 234 375 | −1 175 460–5 644 209 | 0.198 | 831 659 | −3 214 054–4 877 372 | 0.686 | 1.425 |
Last two months | 2 179 321 | −1 283 605–5 642 247 | 0.216 | 114 269 | −4 179 453–4 407 991 | 0.958 | 1.551 | |
Oral LABA | Last one year | −284 193 | −3 769 291–3 200 904 | 0.873 | −140 180 | −3 979 298–3 698 937 | 0.943 | 1.238 |
Last two months | −60 004 | −3 627 921–3 507 914 | 0.974 | −505 307 | −4 605 237–3 594 623 | 0.808 | 1.341 | |
Patch LABA | Last one year | −1 480 130 | −5 738 525–2 778 265 | 0.494 | −897 283 | −6 207 329–4 412 762 | 0.739 | 1.583 |
Last two months | −1 299 576 | −5 782 702–3 183 550 | 0.568 | −1 156 362 | −7 126 157–4 813 433 | 0.703 | 1.799 | |
LTRA | Last one year | 92 820 | −3 676 990–3 862 630 | 0.961 | 444 656 | −3 774 074–4 663 387 | 0.836 | 1.278 |
Last two months | 26 391 | −3 503 410–3 556 191 | 0.988 | −47 696 | −4 233 142–4 137 750 | 0.982 | 1.428 | |
Inhaled SABA | Last one year | 831 775 | −2 597 167–4 260 718 | 0.633 | 2 163 713 | −2 246 460–6 573 885 | 0.334 | 1.686 |
Last two months | 1 450 005 | −2 051 288–4 951 297 | 0.415 | 2 967 195 | −1 858 526–7 792 917 | 0.227 | 1.924 | |
Oral SABA | Last one year | 6 003 767 | 1 235 605–10 771 929 | 0.014* | 6 258 922 | 1 030 068–11 487 776 | 0.019* | 1.193 |
Last two months | 5 634 032 | 712 721–10 555 342 | 0.025* | 5 861 499 | 264 201–11 458 797 | 0.036* | 1.284 | |
Xanthine | Last one year | 2 071 992 | −1 248 267–5 392 251 | 0.220 | 648 251 | −2 977 102–4 273 603 | 0.725 | 1.208 |
Last two months | 2 312 336 | −1 016 392–5 641 064 | 0.172 | 725 808 | −3 036 541–4 488 158 | 0.704 | 1.287 | |
Inhaled LAMA | Last one year | −749 120 | −5 976 294–4 478 054 | 0.778 | −5 247 311 | −11 780 396–1 285 774 | 0.115 | 1.593 |
Last two months | −749 120 | −5 976 294–4 478 054 | 0.778 | −5 123 303 | −11 718 897–1 472 292 | 0.127 | 1.617 | |
Severity of asthma (Reference Step 1) | Step 2 | 2 259 333 | −2 795 248–7 313 915 | 0.379 | 487 871 | −4 839 925–5 815 667 | 0.857 | 1.668 |
Step 3 | 357 654 | −5 759 943–6 475 251 | 0.908 | −786 227 | −7 091 043–5 518 589 | 0.806 | 1.397 | |
Step 4 | 1 555 508 | −2 742 586–5 853 602 | 0.476 | 1 612 493 | −2 858 981–6 083 966 | 0.478 | 1.759 | |
Step 5 | 1 799 480 | −11 032 899–14 631 860 | 0.783 | 1 118 283 | −12 342 396–14 578 962 | 0.870 | 1.171 |
CI: confidence interval; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; LABA: long-acting β2-agonists; LAMA: long-acting muscarine antagonists; LTRA: leukotriene receptor antagonists; SABA: short-acting β2-agonists; VIF: variance inflation factor.
#Adjusted for age, sex, and underlying diseases.
¶Adjusted for age, sex, underlying disease, and asthma medications/severity.
**<0.001, *<0.05.