TABLE 5

Summary of biochemical/cytokine changes from inhaled/instilled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models

Inhaled LPS				Bronchoscopically instilled LPS
90 min	4–6 h	24 h	No change	Raised at 6 h	Raised at 24 h	Raised at 48 h	No change
Sputum
	TNF-α
	IL-6
	IL-8	IL-8
	MIP-1β
BALF
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
TNF-α	TNF-α	TNF-α		TNF-α	TNF-α
IL-1β	IL-1β			IL-1β	IL-1β
IL-8	IL-8	IL-8		IL-8
	IL-6			IL-6	IL-6
				G-CSF	G-CSF
Anti-inflammatory products
				IL-1Ra
				TNF-R	TNF-R	TNF-R
Neutrophil-derived products
	MPO			MPO	MPO	MPO
	HNE			HNE
				Lactoferrin	Lactoferrin	Lactoferrin
					MMP-8
					β-2-def
Chemoattractants
	MIP-1β			MIP-1α
	ENA-78			ENA-78
	MCP-1			MCP-1
				IP-10
				GRO-α	GRO-α	GRO-α
Markers of endothelial damage/activation
	sTM
Systemic
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
				Raised 2–24 h
	IL-6			IL-6
	IL-8
				G-CSF
			TNF-α			TNF-α
Anti-inflammatory products
				IL-1Ra
			IL-10
Neutrophil-derived products
		MPO
	HNE
Chemoattractants and other molecules
			IL-1β
			MCP-1
		CRP			CRP
		α₁-AT
Markers of endothelial damage/activation
	E-selectin

Tabular summary of changes in biochemical/cytokine parameters from all papers cited in this review. Obtained from the following references. Intravenous: tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α [9, 27, 28, 71]; interferon (IFN)-γ [72]; interleukin (IL)-6 [9, 24, 27, 28, 51]; IL-8 [9, 24, 27, 51]; granzyme A and B [73], hydroxynonenal (HNE) [26, 42]; lactoferrin [25, 40]; macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)-1α [27]; GRO-α [27, 28]; monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 [42]; monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), IFN-γ inducible protein (IP)-10 [73]; IL-10 [27, 42, 43, 51, 72]; IL-1Ra [25, 27, 28, 42, 51]; TNF-R [25, 27, 42, 75]; cortisol [8, 9, 27, 71]; C-reactive protein (CRP) [9, 24, 72]. Inhaled sputum: IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α [6, 95, 97, 123]; MIP-1β [123]. Inhaled BALF: TNF-α [7, 105, 125, 126]; IL-1β [7, 125, 126]; IL-6 [105, 125]; MPO, HNE [125, 132]; MIP-1β, (ENA)-78, MCP-1 [125, 136], sTM [116]. Inhaled systemic: IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1 [122, 123, 132]; HNE [132]; MPO [124]; CRP, α₁-antitrypsin [104, 120], E-selectin [96, 104, 140]. Instilled BALF: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF [108, 111, 113, 133]; IL-1Ra and TNFR [108]; ENA-78, lactoferrin, MPO, HNE, MIP, GRO-α, IP-10, MCP-1 [108, 111]; MMP-8, β-defensin-2 [133]. Instilled systemic: G-CSF, IL-6, IL-1Ra, CRP [108, 110].