Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 stratified by Hubei hospitalisation and Wuhan-related exposure
| Characteristics | Total | In Hubei | p-value | Wuhan-related exposure | p-value | ||
| Yes | No | No | Yes | ||||
| Subjects n | 1590 | 647 | 943 | 256 | 1334 | ||
| Age years | 48.9±16.3 | 55.1±15.4 | 44.6±15.5 | <0.001 | 44.9±14.6 | 49.7±16.5 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.756 | 0.782 | |||||
| Male | 904/1578 (57.3) | 369/638 (57.8) | 535/940 (56.9) | 148/254 (58.3) | 756/1324 (57.1) | ||
| Female | 674/1578 (42.7) | 269/638 (42.2) | 405/940 (43.1) | 106/254 (41.7) | 568/1324 (42.9) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.367 | 0.505 | |||||
| Never/unknown | 1479 (93.0) | 597 (92.3) | 882 (93.5) | 241 (94.1) | 1238 (92.8) | ||
| Former/current | 111 (7.0) | 50 (7.7) | 61 (6.5) | 15 (5.9) | 96 (7.2) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Any | 399 (25.1) | 213 (32.9) | 186 (19.7) | <0.001 | 48 (18.8) | 351 (26.3) | 0.012 |
| COPD | 24 (1.5) | 14 (2.2) | 10 (1.1) | 0.094 | 2 (0.8) | 22 (1.6) | 0.408 |
| Diabetes | 130 (8.2) | 79 (12.2) | 51 (5.4) | <0.001 | 12 (4.7) | 118 (8.8) | 0.025 |
| Hypertension | 269 (16.9) | 156 (24.1) | 113 (12.0) | <0.001 | 27 (10.5) | 242 (18.1) | 0.003 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 59 (3.7) | 38 (5.9) | 21 (2.2) | <0.001 | 7 (2.7) | 52 (3.9) | 0.471 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 30 (1.9) | 24 (3.7) | 6 (0.6) | <0.001 | 2 (0.8) | 28 (2.1) | 0.210 |
| Hepatitis B infection | 28 (1.8) | 9 (1.4) | 19 (2.0) | 0.439 | 6 (2.3) | 22 (1.6) | 0.436 |
| Malignancy | 18 (1.1) | 12 (1.9) | 6 (0.6) | 0.030 | 0 (0) | 18 (1.3) | 0.097 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 21 (1.3) | 16 (2.5) | 5 (0.5) | 0.001 | 3 (1.2) | 18 (1.3) | 1.000 |
| Immunodeficiency | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0.570 | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | 1.000 |
| Symptoms | |||||||
| Any | 1517 (95.4) | 621 (96) | 896 (95.0) | 0.395 | 237 (92.6) | 1280 (96.0) | 0.023 |
| Fever | 1351/1536 (88.0) | 552/623 (88.6) | 799/913 (87.5) | 0.576 | 213/243 (87.7) | 1138/1293 (88.0) | 0.914 |
| Conjunctival congestion | 10/1345 (0.7) | 3/554 (0.5) | 7/791 (0.9) | 0.538 | 3/192 (1.6) | 7/1153 (0.6) | 0.161 |
| Nasal congestion | 73/1299 (5.6) | 24/535 (4.5) | 49/764 (6.4) | 0.144 | 11/185 (5.9) | 62/1114 (5.6) | 0.863 |
| Headache | 205/1328 (15.4) | 94/540 (17.4) | 111/788 (14.1) | 0.105 | 30/191 (15.7) | 175/1137 (15.4) | 0.914 |
| Dry cough | 1052/1498 (70.2) | 450/617 (72.9) | 602/881 (68.3) | 0.058 | 167/233 (71.7) | 885/1265 (70.0) | 0.640 |
| Pharyngalgia | 194/1317 (14.7) | 60/530 (11.3) | 134/787 (17.0) | 0.004 | 31/194 (16.0) | 163/1123 (14.5) | 0.584 |
| Productive cough | 513/1424 (36.0) | 234/582 (40.2) | 279/842 (33.1) | 0.007 | 94/218 (43.1) | 419/1206 (34.7) | 0.021 |
| Fatigue | 584/1365 (42.8) | 255/549 (46.4) | 329/816 (40.3) | 0.026 | 85/209 (40.7) | 499/1156 (43.2) | 0.544 |
| Haemoptysis | 16/1315(1.2) | 12/533 (2.3) | 4/782 (0.5) | 0.008 | 2/189 (1.1) | 14/1126 (1.2) | 1.000 |
| Shortness of breath | 331 (20.8) | 235 (36.3) | 96 (10.2) | <0.001 | 40 (15.6) | 291 (21.8) | <0.029 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 80/1371 (5.8) | 46/568 (8.1) | 34/803 (4.2) | 0.003 | 12/200 (6.0) | 68/1171 (5.8) | 0.871 |
| Diarrhoea | 57/1359 (4.2) | 28/559 (5.0) | 29/800 (3.6) | 0.218 | 9/195 (4.6) | 48/1164 (4.1) | 0.701 |
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 234/1338 (17.5) | 112/551 (20.3) | 122/787 (15.5) | 0.024 | 32/195 (16.4) | 202/1143 (17.7) | 0.760 |
| Chill | 163/1333 (12.2) | 77/547 (14.1) | 86/786 (10.9) | 0.090 | 35/191 (18.3) | 128/1142 (11.2) | 0.008 |
| Signs | |||||||
| Throat congestion | 21/1286 (1.6) | 7/525 (1.3) | 14/761 (1.8) | 0.655 | 1/181 (0.6) | 20/1105 (1.8) | 0.343 |
| Tonsil swelling | 31/1376 (2.3) | 16/589 (2.7) | 15/787 (1.9) | 0.360 | 4/184 (2.2) | 27/1192 (2.3) | 1.000 |
| Lymphadenectasis | 2/1375 (0.1) | 2/588 (0.3) | 0/787 (0) | 0.183 | 0/189 (0) | 2/1186 (0.2) | 1.000 |
| Rash | 3/1378 (0.2) | 2/583 (0.3) | 1/795 (0.1) | 0.577 | 0/191 (0) | 3/1187 (0.3) | 1.000 |
| Unconsciousness | 20/1421 (1.4) | 16/595 (2.7) | 4/826 (0.5) | 0.001 | 1/199 (0.5) | 19/1222 (1.6) | 0.342 |
| Abnormal chest images | |||||||
| Radiograph | 243 (15.3) | 117 (18.1) | 126 (13.4) | 0.011 | 27 (10.5) | 216 (16.2) | 0.023 |
| Computed tomography | 1130 (71.1) | 483 (74.7) | 647 (68.6) | 0.010 | 171 (66.8) | 959 (71.9) | 0.114 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Critical illness | 131 (8.24) | 95 (14.7) | 36 (3.8) | <0.001 | 10 (3.9) | 121 (9.1) | 0.004 |
| ICU admission | 99 (6.23) | 68 (10.5) | 31 (3.3) | <0.001 | 7 (2.7) | 92 (6.9) | 0.010 |
| Invasive ventilation | 50 (3.14) | 39 (6.0) | 11 (1.2) | <0.001 | 4 (1.6) | 46 (3.4) | 0.168 |
| Death | 50 (3.14) | 47 (7.3) | 3 (0.3) | <0.001 | 2 (0.8) | 48 (3.6) | 0.017 |
Data are mean±sd, n (%) or n/N (%) where N is the total number of patients with available data, unless otherwise stated. P-values were calculated by Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, or Mann–Whitney U-test. ICU: intensive care unit.