TABLE 1

Summary of exhaled smoke dispersion distances with different oxygen devices

Oxygen device	Flow rate L·min⁻¹	Dispersion distance cm	Ref.
HFNC	60	17.2±3.3	[6]
	30	13.0±1.1	[6]
	10	6.5±1.5	[6]
Simple mask	15	11.2±0.7	[7]
Simple mask	10	9.5±0.6	[7]
Non-rebreathing mask	10	24.6±2.2	[7]
Venturi mask at F_IO₂ 0.4	6	39.7±1.6	[7]
Venturi mask at F_IO₂ 0.35	6	27.2±1.1	[7]

Summary of studies evaluating oxygen delivery devices using a high-fidelity human simulator with smoke particles of <1 µm (an aerosol of solid particles). The smoke was illuminated by a laser light-sheet and high-definition video was used to measure dispersion distance away from the manikin. Indicated dispersion distances give an idea of proximity of contaminated bio-aerosols, to which healthcare workers may be directly exposed. HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula; F_IO₂: inspiratory oxygen fraction.