TABLE 3

Studies included on CT

Disease	Reference	First author	Aim	Subjects	Study design	Main results
ARDS	[72]	Awerbuch E	To evaluate the diagnostic and clinical impact of CT	134	Retrospective	Up to one-quarter of patients had clinical changes
ARDS	[73]	Owens CM	To compare morphological CT abnormalities with severity of lung injury score	8	Prospective	Extent of CT abnormalities correlated with lung injury score
ARDS	[74]	Bombino M	To compare CT and CXR with clinical data	17	Prospective	CT and CXR scores were related to the degree of gas exchange impairment
ARDS	[75]	Puybasset L	To compare CT distribution of gas and tissue analysis in ARDS and healthy subjects	82	Prospective	Different lung morphologies corresponded to different distributions of gas within the lung
ARDS	[76]	Patroniti N	To compare helium dilution technique with CT to assess lung gas volume in patients with ARDS	21	Prospective	Helium dilution technique showed good agreement with CT
ARDS	[77]	Patroniti N	To compare CT and indocyanine green dye double dilution technique for measurement of pulmonary oedema in ARDS	14	Prospective	Estimation of oedema with indocyanine green showed good correlation and reproducibility with CT
ARDS	[78]	Lu Q	To assess PEEP changes in single- or three-section, or whole lung CT	39	Retrospective	Single- and three-section differed from whole lung CT
ARDS	[79]	Vieira SRR	To compare pulmonary hyperinflation measured by low and high spatial resolution CT	30	Prospective	In ARDS accurate estimation of lung hyperinflation on CT required high spatial resolution
ARDS	[80]	Reske AW	To evaluate the ratio between P_aO₂/F_iO₂ and shunt	71	Prospective	Logarithmic P_aO₂/F_iO₂ allowed estimation of CT shunt and its changes
ARDS	[81]	Caironi P	To assess a standardised low PEEP strategy	148	Retrospective	The P_aO₂/F_iO₂ computed at 5 cmH₂O of PEEP accurately reflected the lung injury severity and recruitability
ARDS	[82]	Rouby JJ	To assess differences in lung morphology with different lung mechanics and outcome	71	Prospective	A severity score based on CT lung morphology accurately identified patients with the most severe forms of ARDS
ARDS	[83]	Stelter L	To evaluate CT findings in patients with sepsis and ARDS	36	Prospective	A CT scoring system based on pulmonary findings was related to the outcome
ARDS	[84]	Lazoura O	To correlate CT morphology with clinical severity and outcome	33	Retrospective	A greater extent of airspace disease was associated with higher clinical severity
ARDS	[85]	Simon M	To assess clinical utility of CT	204	Retrospective	CT yielded useful information for diagnosis, prognosis and alternative diagnosis in ARDS patients
ARDS	[86]	Chiumello D	To investigate if low-dose CT can provide accurate quantitative and visual anatomical results	45	Prospective	Low-dose CT showed good agreement with conventional CT both for quantitative and visual anatomical results
ARDS	[87]	Klapsing P	To investigate an automatic software programme for quantitative lung analysis	10	Prospective	Automatic software computation allowed accurate computation
ARDS	[88]	Miller PR	To identify high-risk patients according to pulmonary contusion volume	49	Prospective	Contusion volume on chest CT was predictive for ARDS development
ARDS	[89]	Reske AW	To evaluate quantitative CT in post-traumatic lung dysfunction	78	Prospective	Quantitative CT might help to discriminate atelectasis from consolidation
ARDS	[90]	Chiumello D	To assess the effect of pleural effusion on respiratory mechanics, gas exchange and lung recruitability	179	Prospective	Pleural effusion was of modest entity and did not affect respiratory system elastance
ARDS	[91]	Gattinoni L	To assess CT changes in early and late ARDS	81	Prospective	Lung structure markedly changed with ARDS duration
ARDS	[92]	Treggiari MM	To investigate prevalence/distribution of air cysts and bronchiectasis	21	Retrospective	A predominant localisation of lesions in better ventilated areas (non-dependent)
ARDS	[93]	Burnham EL	To determine the relationship between pulmonary dysfunction and high-resolution CT	89	Prospective	Among survivors, high-resolution CT findings correlated with quality of life
ARDS	[94]	Nobauer IM	To evaluate changes in high-resolution CT 6–10 months after ARDS	15	Prospective	ARDS frequently resulted in fibrotic changes in the lung, particularly in the ventral regions
ARDS	[95]	Masclans JR	To evaluate the quality of life in survivors of ARDS and related CT changes	38	Prospective	6 months after ARDS, there were mild radiological abnormalities in 76% of patients
ARDS	[96]	Kim SJ	To determine if outcome differs between pulmonary and extrapulmonary ARDS	29	Retrospective	Pulmonary lesions were more extensive in pulmonary compared to non-pulmonary ARDS
ARDS	[97]	Cressoni M	To assess the relationship between lung recruitability and pressure to overcome the compression forces	51	Prospective	Lung recruitability was not related to the pressure to overcome compression forces
ARDS	[98]	Puybasset L	To evaluate PEEP changes and lung morphology	71	Retrospective	PEEP effects were more related to lung morphology than the cause of lung injury
ARDS	[99]	Constantin J-M	To determine if differences in lung morphology predict the response to recruitment manoeuvres	19	Prospective	Lung morphology predicted response to recruitment; focal lung morphology was at high risk for hyperinflation with recruitment manoeuvre
ARDS	[100]	Chiumello D	To evaluate the effects of body mass index in ARDS	101	Retrospective	Obese patients with ARDS had similar chest wall elastance and lung recruitability compared to non-obese ARDS patients
ARDS	[101]	Cressoni M	To assess the amount of lung recruitability and opening and closing	33	Prospective	PEEP up to 25 cmH₂O and plateau pressure up to 30 cmH₂O were not adequate to keep the lung open
ARDS	[102]	Cressoni M	To quantify lung inhomogeneity	148	Retrospective	Lung inhomogeneity was related to disease severity and mortality
ARDS	[103]	Chiumello D	To determine if bedside PEEP selection is related to lung recruitability	51	Prospective	Oxygenation based method provided PEEP related to lung recruitability
ARDS	[104]	Constantin J-M	To compare two recruitment manoeuvres in ARDS	19	Prospective	Extended sigh promoted higher alveolar recruitment and oxygenation compared to CPAP RM
ARDS	[105]	Galiatsou	To quantify lung volume changes during prone position	21	Prospective	Prone position recruited significantly more lung compared to recruitment manoeuvre
ARDS	[106]	Lu Q	To evaluate the effects of exogenous surfactant on pulmonary aeration in patients with ARDS	20	Prospective	Surfactant administration induced an improvement in lung aeration of poorly and non-aerated lung regions
ARDS	[107]	Lu Q	To compare PV curves and CT during PEEP-induced lung recruitment	19	Prospective	Alveolar recruitment assessed by CT and PV curve were strongly correlated but with very high limits of agreements
ARDS	[108]	Yoshida T	To compare airway pressure release ventilation compared to PSV on lung atelectasis	18	Retrospective	Airway pressure released ventilation resulted in better lung aeration compared to PSV
ARDS	[109]	Varpula T	To compare airway pressure release ventilation compared to PSV on lung atelectasis and gas distribution	23	Retrospective	No differences in airway pressure release ventilation or PSV on CT characteristics
AHF	[110]	Saguel B	To compare CT estimation of cardiac preload and pulmonary hydration in predicting volume status	30	Prospective	CT estimation of end diastolic volume index and extravascular lung water were not accurate in predicting volume status
AHF	[111]	Zhang F	To evaluate quantitative CT analysis to measure pulmonary oedema	10	Prospective	Acceptable agreement between CT analysis and thermodilution
AHF	[112]	Vergani G	To compare quantitative CT analysis in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and ARDS	80	Prospective	Similar presence of ground glass and different airspace consolidation regions
Pneumonia	[113]	Syriala H	To compare CT with CXR in the diagnosis of pneumonia	47	Prospective	CT was more sensitive than CXR
Pneumonia	[114]	Gruden JF	To compare CT with CXR in AIDS patients	33	Prospective	CT was more sensitive than CXR
Pneumonia	[115]	Claessens Y-E	To compare CT with CXR in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia	319	Prospective	CT was more sensitive than CXR
Pneumonia	[116]	Hockstein NG	To compare CT with electronic nose sensor	33	Prospective	Acceptable agreement between CT and nose sensor for pneumonia
COPD	[117]	Nieskowska A	To assess the regional distribution of inflation in COPD	32	Prospective	PEEP significantly increased lung overinflation
COPD	[118]	Bahloul M	To assess the incidence and outcome of pulmonary embolism in COPD	131	Retrospective	Higher mortality and length of stay in COPD patients with an acute exacerbation and pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax	[119]	Lichtenstein DA	To compare CT with LU in the diagnosis of occult pneumothorax	200	Retrospective	LU might decrease the need for CT
Pneumothorax	[120]	Soldati G	To compare CT with LU in the diagnosis of occult pneumothorax	109	Prospective	LU might decrease the need for CT
Pneumothorax	[121]	Xirouchaki N	To compare CT with LU and CXR	42	Prospective	LU could be an alternative to CT
Pleural effusion	[122]	Remerand F	To assess the accuracy of LU to measure pleural effusion	58	Prospective	The multiplane LU approach estimated pleural effusion volume better than the conventional technique

CT: computed tomography; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CXR: chest X-ray; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; P_aO₂: arterial oxygen tension; F_iO₂: fraction of inspired oxygen; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; RM: remote monitoring; PSV: pressure support ventilation; AHF: acute heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LU: lung ultrasound.