Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subgroup analyses for fine particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)#
| PM2.5 per 5 μg·m−3 | NO2 per 10 μg·m−3 | |||||
| Cases/non-cases | OR (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | Cases/non-cases | OR (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | |
| Sex | 0.024 | 0.101 | ||||
| Male | 10 615/120 233 | 1.40 (1.27–1.54) | 11 279/129 269 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | ||
| Female | 9863/136 856 | 1.64 (1.49–1.81) | 10 621/147 679 | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | ||
| Age | 0.128 | 0.260 | ||||
| <65 years | 16 685/214 004 | 1.49 (1.38–1.60) | 17 854/230 661 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | ||
| ≥65 years | 3793/43 085 | 1.64 (1.40–1.92) | 4046/46 287 | 1.13 (1.09–1.18) | ||
| Obesity | 0.002 | 0.002 | ||||
| Non-obese | 16 508/195 722 | 1.44 (1.34–1.56) | 17 646/210 967 | 1.10 (1.08–1.12) | ||
| Obese | 3970/61 367 | 1.80 (1.55–2.09) | 4254/65 981 | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.009 | 0.181 | ||||
| Never-smoker | 10 574/152 753 | 1.39 (1.26–1.53) | 11 319/165 120 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | ||
| Current or past smoker | 9904/104 336 | 1.69 (1.53–1.85) | 10 581/111 828 | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | ||
| Household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <GBP 31 000 | 10 090/113 656 | 1.85 (1.69–2.04) | 10 700/121 462 | 1.19 (1.15–1.22) | ||
| ≥ GBP 31 000 | 10 388/143 433 | 1.25 (1.14–1.38) | 11 200/155 486 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | ||
| Asthma status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never had asthma | 14 484/233 176 | 1.66 (1.53–1.79) | 15 510/251 382 | 1.14 (1.12–1.17) | ||
| Ever had asthma | 5967/23 729 | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 6362/25 371 | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | ||
| Occupational status | 0.742 | 0.725 | ||||
| Non-“at-risk” occupation | 13 512/178 876 | 1.37 (1.26–1.49) | 14 354/191 700 | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | ||
| “At-risk” occupation | 381/3161 | 1.46 (0.89–2.39) | 399/3314 | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | ||
Data are presented as n/n, unless otherwise stated. #: adjusted for age (continuous), sex, body mass index (kg·m−2), household income (<GBP 31 000/≥GBP 31 000), education level (lower vocational or less/higher vocational or more), smoking status (never/former/current) and passive smoking exposure at home (none/any).