Lung function subgroup analyses for fine particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)#
| FEV1 mL | FVC mL | FEV1/FVC | ||||||||||
| PM2.5 per 5 μg·m−3 | NO2 per 10 μg·m−3 | PM2.5 per 5 μg·m−3 | NO2 per 10 μg·m−3 | PM2.5 per 5 μg·m−3 | NO2 per 10 μg·m−3 | |||||||
| β (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | β (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | β (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | β (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | β (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | β (95% CI) | Interaction p-value | |
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.928 | 0.883 | ||||||
| Male | −102.32 (−118.16– −86.48) | −41.22 (−45.44– −37.00) | −78.48 (−97.42– −59.54) | −40.85 (−45.89– −35.81) | −9.52 (−11.25– −7.80) | −2.27 (−2.73– −1.80) | ||||||
| Female | −68.14 (−78.68– −57.59) | −28.01 (−30.82– −25.21) | −50.47 (−63.28– −37.67) | −27.66 (−31.06– −24.26) | −9.79 (−11.26– −8.32) | −2.25 (−2.65– −1.86) | ||||||
| Age | 0.574 | 0.113 | 0.187 | 0.014 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <65 years | −83.63 (−93.85– −73.40) | −32.55 (−37.27– −31.83) | −65.06 (−77.40– −52.71) | −34.86 (−38.15– −31.58) | −8.92 (−10.11– −7.73) | −2.04 (−2.36– −1.72) | ||||||
| ≥65 years | −85.32 (−108.62– −62.01) | −31.64 (−37.82– −25.47) | −54.05 (−81.85– −26.25) | −27.41 (−34.78– −20.05) | −13.73 (−16.91– −10.54) | −3.50 (−4.35– −2.65) | ||||||
| Obesity | 0.068 | 0.003 | 0.460 | 0.082 | 0.005 | 0.005 | ||||||
| Non-obese | −78.68 (−89.31– −68.04) | −31.69 (−34.51– −28.87) | −58.93 (−71.78– −46.08) | −31.65 (−35.05– −28.24) | −9.07 (−10.36– −7.79) | −2.07 (−2.41– −1.73) | ||||||
| Obese | −95.53 (−115.24– −75.82) | −40.36 (−45.68– −35.04) | −76.78 (−100.30– −53.27) | −40.78 (−47.12– −34.45) | −10.99 (−13.32– −8.67) | −2.61 (−3.24– −1.98) | ||||||
| Smoking status | 0.388 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never-smoker | −84.49 (−96.74– −72.25) | −38.11 (−41.37– −34.85) | −76.56 (−91.51– −61.60) | −41.89 (−45.87– −37.91) | −6.91 (−8.35– −5.47) | −1.61 (−2.00– −1.23) | ||||||
| Current or past smoker | −87.08 (−101.61– −72.55) | −30.42 (−34.28– −26.56) | −49.66 (−66.87– −32.46) | −24.42 (−28.99– −19.85) | −13.80 (−15.59– −12.00) | −3.31 (−3.79– −2.83) | ||||||
| Household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <GBP 31 000 | −78.85 (−93.56– −64.13) | −35.76 (−39.79– −31.73) | −95.83 (−112.86– −78.79) | −46.92 (−51.58– −42.25) | −13.70 (−15.49– −11.91) | −3.46 (−3.96– −2.97) | ||||||
| ≥GBP 31 000 | −39.12 (−52.30– −25.94) | −21.81 (−25.24– −18.37) | −31.69 (−46.76– −16.62) | −22.15 (−26.08– −18.23) | −6.38 (−7.82– −4.95) | −1.41 (−1.78– −1.03) | ||||||
| Asthma status | 0.002 | 0.033 | 0.094 | 0.319 | 0.013 | 0.113 | ||||||
| Never had asthma | −84.84 (−94.61– −75.08) | −33.93 (−36.53– −31.33) | −63.17 (−75.10– −51.24) | −33.21 (−36.38– −30.04) | −9.78 (−10.92– −8.64) | −2.27 (−2.57– −1.96) | ||||||
| Ever had asthma | −70.01 (−99.76– −40.26) | −33.13 (−41.08– −25.17) | −54.57 (−89.32– −19.81) | −34.12 (−43.40– −24.85) | −9.25 (−13.30– −5.21) | −2.43 (−3.51– −1.34) | ||||||
| Occupational status | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.431 | 0.594 | ||||||
| Non-“at-risk” occupation | −71.88 (−83.25– −60.51) | −30.88 (−33.87– −27.89) | −57.95 (−71.67– −44.24) | −32.20 (−35.81– −28.59) | −6.94 (−8.25– −5.62) | −1.57 (−1.92– −1.22) | ||||||
| “At-risk” occupation | −183.85 (−271.13– −96.56) | −77.71 (−101.86– −53.57) | −192.19 (−296.36– −88.01) | −91.28 (−120.11– −62.46) | −9.18 (−19.57–1.20) | −1.81 (−4.71–1.09) | ||||||
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity. #: adjusted for age (continuous), age-squared, sex, height, body mass index (kg·m−2), household income (<GBP 31 000/≥GBP 31 000), education level (lower vocational or less/higher vocational or more), smoking status (never/former/current) and passive smoking exposure at home (none/any).