Quintile of black carbon exposure | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Subjects n | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 | 601 |
Age years | 68.2±9.0 | 68.9±9.1 | 70.2±9.3 | 69.7±9.3 | 69.7±9.6 |
Male | 52.9 | 45.6 | 48.4 | 45.6 | 45.6 |
Race/ethnicity | |||||
White | 57.2 | 48.8 | 53.4 | 25.1 | 9.8 |
African-American | 18.8 | 30.8 | 39.4 | 26.3 | 20.8 |
Hispanic | 22.0 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 26.1 | 48.1 |
Chinese-American | 2.0 | 13.4 | 5.2 | 22.5 | 21.3 |
Education | |||||
Incomplete high school | 9.0 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 16.5 | 31.6 |
Complete high school | 19.8 | 17.8 | 10.6 | 17.0 | 23.0 |
Some college | 31.9 | 32.4 | 25.3 | 27.8 | 26.6 |
Complete college | 20.1 | 20.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 11.3 |
Graduate school | 19.2 | 23.1 | 36.8 | 19.7 | 7.5 |
Height cm | 167.4±9.8 | 166.3±10.0 | 167.0±9.7 | 164.2±10.0 | 162.5±9.8 |
Weight kg | 82.4±17.3 | 79.3±17.9 | 79.3±18.0 | 76.8±17.6 | 74.5±16.6 |
Smoking status | |||||
Never-smoker | 41.1 | 43.1 | 40.4 | 48.4 | 55.7 |
Ex-smoker | 47.9 | 45.9 | 48.8 | 44.3 | 36.1 |
Current smoker | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 7.3 | 8.2 |
Pack-years¶ | 24.4±24.3 | 26.4±25.4 | 27.4±28.5 | 27.5±29.9 | 19.0±21.3 |
Any exposure to second-hand smoke | 31.1 | 26.8 | 25.3 | 23.6 | 14.1 |
Second-hand smoke h·week−1+ | 2 (1–7) | 2 (1–10) | 2 (1–5) | 2 (1–10) | 4 (2–8) |
Diabetes | 18.1 | 20.3 | 16.8 | 19.8 | 25.8 |
Hypertension | 59.3 | 58.3 | 57.2 | 57.9 | 64.7 |
Total cholesterol mg·dL−1 | 178.6±37.4 | 182.4±37.6 | 187.2±37.7 | 183.8±36.9 | 183.2±38.0 |
Estimated GFR mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 80.0±19.5 | 79.3±20.2 | 79.6±19.3 | 81.0±19.8 | 83.4±23.1 |
City | |||||
Forsyth County, NC | 37.8 | 40.8 | 7.7 | ||
New York, NY | 0.7 | 9.8 | 2.3 | 41.6 | 51.4 |
Baltimore, MD | 10.5 | 15.1 | 26.5 | 15.0 | 0.7 |
St Paul, MN | 48.4 | 13.1 | 3.0 | 0.2 | |
Chicago, IL | 2.7 | 21.1 | 60.6 | 12.3 | 0.2 |
Los Angeles, CA | 31.0 | 47.8 | |||
FEV1 L§ | 2.51±0.73 | 2.30±0.69 | 2.29±0.70 | 2.19±0.73 | 2.19±0.71 |
FEV1/FVC§ | 0.74±0.08 | 0.74±0.08 | 0.73±0.09 | 0.74±0.10 | 0.75±0.09 |
Airflow limitationƒ | 25.9 | 28.7 | 31.9 | 25.3 | 23.3 |
Percent emphysema −950 HU | 1.5 (0.6–3.0) | 1.5 (0.6–3.3) | 2.3 (1.0–4.8) | 1.1 (0.4–2.5) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) |
TPVVCT cm3 | 137.2±35.1 | 130.3±35.3 | 131.6±34.8 | 123.6±35.3 | 123.3±32.9 |
Percent TPVVCT | 2.70±0.27 | 2.67±0.26 | 2.67±0.28 | 2.72±0.27 | 2.77±0.26 |
Peripheral TPVVCT cm3 | 83.0±18.3 | 79.0±18.5 | 79.8±18.2 | 76.7±18.2 | 77.4±17.2 |
Percent peripheral TPVVCT | 2.26±0.28 | 2.24±0.26 | 2.25±0.28 | 2.31±0.28 | 2.35±0.27 |
Black carbon μg·m−3 | 0.42±0.05 | 0.53±0.03 | 0.64±0.03 | 1.04±0.13 | 1.37±0.18 |
PM2.5 μg·m−3 | 9.6±0.9 | 10.2±0.8 | 11.2±1.0 | 11.6±1.2 | 12.6±1.4 |
NO2 ppb | 6.5±2.6 | 8.4±2.8 | 12.7±2.8 | 20.5±4.9 | 25.1±4.2 |
NOx ppb | 11.0±4.6 | 14.0±4.7 | 21.4±4.7 | 35.8±11.7 | 47.7±13.2 |
Ozone ppb | 26.4±3.3 | 25.9±3.0 | 25.6±1.9 | 20.5±3.6 | 17.4±2.3 |
Data are presented as %, mean±sd or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. GFR: glomerular filtration rate; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; PM2.5: particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; NOx: oxides of nitrogen. #: n=3005 with measures of black carbon; ¶: among 1470 ever-smokers reporting pack-years; +: among 727 reporting any second-hand smoke exposure; §: among 2690 with grade A–D spirometry; ƒ: pre-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.7.