Pre-test probability of left heart disease (LHD) phenotype
| Feature | High probability | Intermediate probability | Low probability |
| Age | >70 years | 60–70 years | <60 years |
| Obesity, systemic hypertension, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance/diabetes | >2 factors | 1–2 factors | None |
| Previous cardiac intervention# | Yes | No | No |
| Atrial fibrillation | Current | Paroxysmal | No |
| Structural LHD | Present | No | No |
| ECG | LBBB or LVH | Mild LVH | Normal or signs of RV strain |
| Echocardiography | LA dilation; grade >2 mitral flow | No LA dilation; grade <2 mitral flow | No LA dilation; E/e′ <13 |
| CPET | Mildly elevated V′E/V′CO2 slope; EOV | Elevated V′E/V′CO2 slope or EOV | High V′E/V′CO2 slope; no EOV |
| Cardiac MRI | LA strain or LA/RA >1 | No left heart abnormalities |
LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; RV: right ventricular; LA: left atrial; E/e′: early mitral inflow velocity/mitral annular early diastolic velocity ratio; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing; V′E: minute ventilation; V′CO2: carbon dioxide production; EOV: exercise oscillatory ventilation; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; RA: right atrial. #: coronary artery and/or valvular surgical and/or non-surgical procedures, including percutaneous interventions.