First author, year [ref.] | Severe asthma (corticosteroid- dependent) A | Severe asthma (non-corticosteroid dependent) B | Mild to moderate asthma C | Non-asthmatics D | Side-effect | Comparison | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
Bone and muscle complications | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] Barry, 2017 [21] Barry, 2018 [20] | 808 | 3975 | 2412 | Osteopenia | A+B versus C | 5.26 (3.75–7.37) | <0.001 | |
A+B versus D | 6.68 (4.28–10.43) | <0.001 | ||||||
Osteoporosis | A+B versus C | 5.23 (3.97–6.89) | <0.001 | |||||
A+B versus D | 6.53 (4.63–9.21) | <0.001 | ||||||
Fractures | A+B versus C | 1.54 (1.06–2.22) | 0.022 | |||||
A+B versus D | 1.65 (1.14–2.39) | 0.007 | ||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Osteopenia | A versus B | 1.15 (0.73–1.81) | 0.36 | ||
Osteoporosis | 1.21 (0.67–2.17) | 0.44 | ||||||
Fractures | 3% versus 0.3%# | 0.007 | ||||||
Adrenal complications | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Cushingoid symptoms | A versus B | 6% versus 0.3%# | <0.001 | ||
Adrenal insufficiency | 3% versus 0.3%# | 0.010 | ||||||
Cardiovascular system | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] Barry, 2017 [21] Barry, 2018 [20] | 808 | 3975 | 2412 | Hypertension | A+B versus C | 1.35 (1.12–1.61) | 0.001 | |
A+B versus D | 1.76 (1.44–2.14) | <0.001 | ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | A+B versus C | 1.36 (1.02–1.81) | 0.035 | |||||
A+B versus D | 1.57 (1.14–2.15) | 0.005 | ||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Hypertension | A versus B | 1.59 (1.07–2.37) | 0.012 | ||
Cardiovascular disease | 0.71 (0.39–1.30) | 0.41 | ||||||
Metabolic complications | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] Barry, 2017 [21] Barry, 2018 [20] | 808 | 3975 | 2412 | Type II diabetes | A+B versus C | 1.46 (1.11–1.91) | 0.006 | |
A+B versus D | 1.76 (1.30–2.38) | <0.001 | ||||||
Obesity (BMI >30 kg·m−2) | A+B versus C | 1.36 (1.16–1.59) | <0.001 | |||||
A+B versus D | 2.04 (1.74–2.39) | <0.001 | ||||||
Hypercholesterolaemia | A+B versus C | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 0.21 | |||||
A+B versus D | 1.61 (1.25–2.08) | <0.001 | ||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | NIDDM | A versus B | 3.48 (1.94–6.26) | <0.001 | ||
Obesity (BMI >30 kg·m−2) | 1.47 (1.10–1.97) | 0.016 | ||||||
Weight gain | 12% versus 1%# | <0.001 | ||||||
Eye diseases | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] Barry, 2017 [21] Barry, 2018 [20] | 808 | 3975 | 2412 | Glaucoma | A+B versus C | 1.12 (0.75–1.68) | 0.58 | |
A+B versus D | 1.41 (0.89–2.25) | 0.15 | ||||||
Cataracts | A+B versus C | 1.89 (1.39–2.56) | <0.001 | |||||
A+B versus D | 2.42 (1.70–3.43) | <0.001 | ||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Glaucoma | A versus B | 0.83 (0.28–2.50) | 0.98 | ||
Cataracts | 6% versus 0%# | 0.002 | ||||||
Psychiatric disorders | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] Barry, 2017 [21] Barry, 2018 [20] | 808 | 3975 | 2412 | Psychiatric conditions/anxiety/depression | A+B versus C | 1.43 (1.22–1.69) | <0.001 | |
A+B versus D | 1.67 (1.42–1.97) | <0.001 | ||||||
Sleep disorders | A+B versus C | 1.70 (1.13–2.53) | 0.010 | |||||
A+B versus D | 2.21 (1.46–3.35) | <0.001 | ||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Depression/anxiety/low mood | A versus B | 2.57 (1.76–3.76) | <0.001 | ||
Sleep disturbance | 4% versus 1%# | 0.003 | ||||||
Gastrointestinal complications | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] Barry, 2017 [21] Barry, 2018 [20] | 808 | 3975 | 2412 | Dyspeptic disorders | A+B versus C | 3.99 (3.37–4.72) | <0.001 | |
A+B versus D | 4.88 (4.11–5.79) | <0.001 | ||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Dyspeptic disorders | A versus B | 1.96 (1.45–2.64) | <0.001 | ||
Various | ||||||||
Sweeney, 2016 [14] | 422 | 328 | Skin conditions | A versus B | 4% versus 0.3%# | 0.002 | ||
Obstructive sleep apnoea | 2.80 (1.48–5.29) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n, unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; NIDDM: non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. #: the publication did not provide odds ratios for side-effect with few events; in this review we provide percentages in these cases instead if a threshold of >1% was reached in any group.