Hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals for outcomes in the propensity score matched community-dwelling cohort, stratified by presence of pre-existing psychiatric disease#
| Outpatient exacerbation | ER visit for COPD or pneumonia | Hospital admission COPD or pneumonia | ICU admission during a hospitalisation for COPD or pneumonia | COPD or pneumonia-related mortality | All-cause mortality | |||||||||||||
| Events | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Events | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Events | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Events | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | Events | p-value | Events | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| No known pre-existing psychiatric disease | ||||||||||||||||||
| New users | 552 (8.2) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.17 | 215 (3.2) | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) | 0.07 | 307 (4.5) | 1.30 (1.10–1.54) | 0.002 | 47 (0.7) | 1.81 (1.12–2.93) | 0.02 | 76 (1.1) | 1.76 (1.21–2.55) | 0.003 | 453 (6.7) | 1.71 (1.47–1.98) | <0.0001 |
| Non-users | 594 (8.8) | 180 (2.7) | 237 (3.5) | 26 (0.4) | 44 (0.7) | 270 (4.0) | ||||||||||||
| Known pre-existing psychiatric disease | ||||||||||||||||||
| New users | 1854 (8.6) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.002 | 703 (3.3) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) | 0.05 | 798 (3.7) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 0.06 | 107 (0.5) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 0.46 | 128 (0.6) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.55 | 902 (4.2) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.41 |
| Non-users | 2025 (9.4) | 632 (2.9) | 728 (3.4) | 118 (0.5) | 119 (0.6) | 871 (4.0) | ||||||||||||
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. ER: emergency room; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU: intensive care unit. #: an individual was considered to have psychiatric disease if any one of the following conditions were present: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, paranoid states, depression disorders, anxiety disorders, phobias, stress disorders, dissociative and somatisation disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, mental and behavioural disorders due to substance abuse or tic disorders.