Characteristics of the study population
| Females | Males | |
| Subjects n | 142 | 140 |
| Age years | 53.4±22.6 (18–97)¶ | 54.1±22.3 (18–97) |
| Height cm | 165.4±7.2 (148.8–183.8)** | 179.4±8.1 (155.6–197.5) |
| Weight kg | 64.6±9.0 (45.1–97.0)** | 78.5±11.0 (52.0–108.8) |
| BMI kg·m2 | 23.6±2.7 (18.1–29.8)¶ | 24.4±2.6 (18.0–30.0) |
| Hb g·dL−1 | 13.26±1.13 (10.47–15.95)** | 14.62±1.36 (11.28–19.01) |
| FEV1 L | 3.00±0.79 (1.22–4.66)** | 4.08±1.02 (1.43–6.31) |
| FEV1 % pred [26] | 114.6±21.7 (80.9–235.2)¶ | 109.6±16.7 (68.8–166.9) |
| FEV1 Z-score | 0.9±1.0 (−1.6–3.7)¶ | 0.6±1.1 (−2.4–3.7) |
| FVC L | 3.76±0.86 (1.91–5.83)** | 5.24±1.22 (1.96–8.50) |
| FVC % pred [26] | 113.1±17.3 (84.5–197.4)¶ | 111.0±14.9 (78.8–171.5) |
| FVC Z-score | 0.84±0.99 (−1.32–3.30)¶ | 0.79±1.05 (−1.67–3.77) |
| FEV1/FVC % [26] | 79.2±7.1 (60.7–95.7)¶ | 77.8±7.3 (55.4–98.8) |
| FEV1/FVC Z-score | 0.0±1.0 (−2.7–2.3)¶ | −0.3±1.2 (−3.8–3.9) |
| VA5s L | 4.8±0.7 (3.1–7.5)** | 6.4±1.1 (3.4–8.6) |
| VA5s % pred [27] | 102.7±12.5 (74.7–135.0)** | 96.2±11.9 (65.3–121.8) |
| DLCO10s mL·min−1·mmHg−1 | 22.1±5.1 (10.1–34.6)** | 30.5±7.8 (11.4–46.1) |
| DLCO10s % pred [28] | 90.1±12.0 (59.7–120.1)** | 98.2±14.3 (60.3–150.6) |
| TLC#L | 5.5±0.8 (3.8–8.0)** | 7.5±1.1 (4.2–10.1) |
| TLC# % pred [29] | 106.5±11.7 (77.4–136.2)** | 102.9±10.8 (78.8–129.4) |
Data are presented as mean±sd (range), unless otherwise stated. Range: lowest to highest value; BMI: body mass index; Hb: haemoglobin; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; FVC: forced vital capacity; VA5s: alveolar volume (from the DLCONO (combined diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide and nitric oxide) method); DLCO10s: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (from the standard 10-s method); TLC: total lung capacity (from body plethysmography). #: 1 female and 1 male were excluded from the TLC calculations because they did not undergo the body plethysmography measurement; ¶: nonsignificant; **: p<0.01.