Context | Dimension | Systems used to model dimension ex vivo or in vitro | References |
Mechanical | Shear stress | Flow chambers, microfluidics, cone-and-plate system, lung-on-a-chip | [S24] |
Cyclic stretch | Cell and tissue stretchers | [S25] | |
Pulsatility | Oscillatory flow or shear, collapsible systems | [S26] | |
Substrate stiffness | Hydrogels, PDMS membranes | [S27] | |
Biochemical | Autocrine | Monoculture | [S28] |
Paracrine | Co-culture, conditioned media | [S29] | |
Endocrine | Conditioned media | [S30] | |
Cell contacts | Juxtacrine | Wounding assays, co-culture | [S31] |
Location and geometry | Three-dimensional structure | Three-dimensional organoids, matrigels, scaffolds, ex vivo models | [S32] |
Compartmentalisation | Transwell co-cultures, de- and re-cellularised lungs, lung-on-a-chip | [S16, S33] |
For references listed in the table please refer to the supplementary material.