TABLE 2

A review from the literature of key functions modelled in experimental lung research in vivo and in vitro

Function	In vivo modelling	In vitro modelling	References
Lung and airway mechanics	Spontaneous breathing, mechanical ventilation	Cell stretch devices (table 3), precision cut lung slices (for airway dynamics), isolated airways	[S11–S13]
Haemodynamics	Any in vivo model	Isolated perfused lungs, shear stress models (table 3), isolated vessel segments or rings	[S14, S15]
Oxygenation	Any in vivo model	No in vitro models
Barrier function	Any in vivo model	Permeability and translocation assays, lung-on-a-chip model, isolated perfused lungs	[S16–S18]
Tissue remodelling	Animal models of chronic lung disease	Proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis, and migration assays; differentiation/de-differentiation/transdifferentiation; matrix deposition and remodelling; juxtacrine/autocrine/paracrine/endocrine signalling	[S19–S21]
Immunity, inflammation, defence	Models of infection, sterile inflammation, and autoimmunity	Adhesion and migration; juxtacrine/autocrine/paracrine/endocrine signalling; phagocytosis	[S22, S23]

For references listed in the table please refer to the supplementary material.